Deck 40: Animal Reproduction and Development

Question 1

Place the following events of the acrosomal reaction in the correct chronological order.
(1)The acrosome releases hydrolytic enzymes.
(2)Sperm-binding proteins on the membrane bind the sperm.
(3)Sperm nucleus enters the egg.
(4)Sperm and egg plasma membranes fuse.
(5)Sperm contacts the egg's jelly coat.

A)5,1,2,4,3
B)1,5,4,3,2
C)1,2,4,3,5
D)5,2,4,3,1
E)3,5,2,1,4

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following cells are haploid?

A)oogonium
B)primary spermatocyte
C)primary oocyte
D)ovum
E)spermatogonium

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What would result if more than one sperm fertilized an egg?

A)One sperm nucleus would degenerate.
B)parthenogenesis
C)polyploidy
D)twins
E)haploidy

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following organisms would most likely produce asexually?

A)a bird in an urban environment
B)a lizard in an equatorial desert
C)a mammal in a temperate forest
D)a worker honeybee

Question 5

How does the embryo of an egg-laying animal obtain nutrients for growth?

A)from the mother's body
B)from the yolk of the egg
C)through tiny pores in the shell of the egg
D)from the amniotic sac
E)from the calcium carbonate found in the egg shell

Question 6

In what order do sperm move through the structures of the female reproductive tract?

A)cervix,vagina,uterus,oviduct
B)vagina,uterus,oviduct,ovary
C)vagina,cervix,uterus,oviduct
D)endometrium,cervix,uterus,oviduct
E)ovary,oviduct,uterus,vagina

Question 7

Erection occurs when

A)the spongy erectile tissue of the penis becomes engorged with blood.
B)the veins flowing out of the penis vasoconstrict.
C)the arteries of the penis vasodilate.
D)nitric oxide is releaseD.
E)All of these events occur to promote an erection.

Question 8

The fact that regeneration is a common type of reproduction in sea stars suggests that

A)sea star populations have high levels of genetic diversity.
B)all sea stars are haploid.
C)sea stars have almost no predators.
D)adult sea star cells retain the ability to form a complete animal.

Question 9

What are the three glands that produce the liquid portion of semen?

A)prostate,seminal vesicles,bulbourethral
B)hypothalamus,prostate,Leydig
C)Leydig,prostate,bulbourethral
D)seminal vesicles,hypothalamus,bulbourethral
E)seminal vesicle,Leydig,hypothalamus

Question 10

What structures of the male and female reproductive systems share a common embryonic origin?

A)clitoris and scrotum
B)labia minora and penis
C)clitoris and penis
D)cervix and ejaculatory duct

Question 11

In female mammals,germ cells

A)are not produced until puberty.
B)are arrested in meiosis I until puberty.
C)develop into fully mature gametes before birth.
D)arrested in meiosis II until puberty.
E)arrested in mitosis until puberty.

Question 12

Paland and Lynch showed that sexual populations have fewer deleterious mutations than asexual populations.What hypothesis do these results support?

A)sexual reproduction prevents fertilization with gametes carrying alleles with deleterious alleles.
B)sexual reproduction produces fewer random mutations than asexual reproduction.
C)asexual reproduction is associated with lower genetic diversity,resulting in the accumulation of highly deleterious mutations.
D)in sexual reproduction,the reassorting of alleles allows for the elimination of more detrimental alleles than in asexual reproduction.
E)sexual strains are associated with higher genetic diversity and thus accumulate more beneficial mutations than asexual strains.

Question 13

Which of the following lists the structures of the male reproductive tract in the proper order from sperm production to ejaculation?

A)vas deferens,epididymis,seminiferous tubules,ejaculatory duct,urethra
B)seminal vesicles,vas deferens,prostate,urethra,ejaculatory duct
C)seminiferous tubules,epididymis,vas deferens,ejaculatory duct,urethra
D)vas deferens,epididymis,seminal vesicles,ejaculatory duct,urethra
E)epididymis,seminiferous tubules,ejaculatory duct,vas deferens,urethra

Question 14

All types of internal fertilization require

A)specialized anatomical structures.
B)a penis in the male.
C)transfer of a spermatophore to the female reproductive tract.
D)a terrestrial environment.

Question 15

External fertilization

A)occurs in amphibians.
B)often leaves fertilized eggs susceptible to predation.
C)involves the release of eggs and sperm into a body of water.
D)requires specialized behavior.
E)All of these statements are correct.

Question 16

Sexual reproduction

A)allows more offspring to be produced per individual.
B)allows a parent to pass on 100% of their genes to offspring.
C)increases genetic variation.
D)results in the formation of a haploid zygote.
E)only occurs in vertebrates.

Question 17

Maintenance of the uterine lining during pregnancy in mammals requires

A)testosterone.
B)FSH.
C)LH.
D)progesterone.

Question 18

The inability of a man to produce LH would result in

A)the inability of Leydig cells to produce testosterone.
B)the inability of the anterior pituitary to produce FSH.
C)the loss of positive feedback control on FSH release.
D)decreased GnRH production by the hypothalamus.
E)exaggerated secondary sex characteristics.

Question 19

Fertilization of an ovum normally occurs in the

A)uterus.
B)ovary.
C)oviduct.
D)vagina.
E)cervix.

Question 20

Which of the following hormones stimulates uterine contractions during the birth process in mammals?

A)oxytocin
B)testosterone
C)FSH
D)chorionic gonadotropin
E)LH

Question 21

Across the lifespan of a human female,the number of primary oocytes peaks at the onset of puberty.

Question 22

Which of the following represents the proper order of events in embryonic development?

A)fertilization,gastrulation,neurulation,cleavage,organogenesis
B)fertilization,cleavage,gastrulation,organogenesis,neurulation
C)fertilization,cleavage,gastrulation,neurulation,organogenesis
D)fertilization,gastrulation,cleavage,neurulation,organogenesis
E)fertilization,gastrulation,cleavage,organogenesis,neurulation

Question 23

If pregnancy does not occur,what hormome will decrease in concentration?

A)chorionic gonadotropin
B)progesterone
C)FSH
D)LH

Question 24

The placenta develops from the endometrium while the fetus develops from embryonic tissue.

Question 25

Damage to the seminal vesicles would prevent sperm from becoming motile.

Question 26

Sexually transmitted diseases are a major cause of infertility.Knowing this,what method of birth control would you think is best for reducing infertility rates?

A)diaphragm
B)vasectomy
C)condoms
D)oral contraceptives
E)IUDs

Question 27

Which of the choices lists the three phases of the ovarian cycle in the correct order?

A)follicular,luteal,ovulation
B)follicular,proliferative,secretory
C)luteal,ovulation,secretory
D)follicular,ovulation,luteal
E)luteal,secretory,ovulation

Question 28

Imagine you are a doctor and you are presented with a female patient who has been unable to get pregnant despite 2 years of trying with the same partner.Rank the following factors from most important (#1)to least important (#4)in your determination of the cause of her apparent infertility.

Question 29

What features would enable a doctor to distinguish conclusively between the proliferative and secretory phases of the uterine cycle?
__X__ the ratio of estradiol to progesterone
_____ ratio of FSH to LH
_____ thickened endometrium
_____ loss of the endometrium

Question 30

What is true of the corpus luteum?

A)Secretions of the corpus luteum stimulate LH and FSH secretion.
B)Secretions of the corpus luteum prepare the uterus for implantation of the embryo.
C)Secretions of the corpus luteum induce maturation of primary oocytes.
D)The major hormone secreted from the corpus luteum is estradiol.
E)The major hormone secreted from the corpus luteum is LH.

Question 31

If a mammalian species that lives in an area with harsh winters and mild springs and summers has a gestation length of five months,when would you expect mating to occur? Assume implantation and pregnancy immediately follow mating.

A)mid-summer
B)late fall
C)early spring
D)mid-spring

Question 32

In mammals,gestation is defined physiologically as the time from _____ to birth.

A)fertilization
B)implantation
C)blastocyst formation
D)ovulation
E)the first missed menstruation

Question 33

In humans,nitric oxide is an important gaseous neurotransmitter.Nitric oxide is synthesized by three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS).What would be a likely effect if a male were missing the gene that codes for one of the NOS isoforms?

A)He would be unable to produce all the liquid components of semen.
B)He would have a low sperm count due to decreased spermatogenesis.
C)He would have high levels of mutation within his mature sperm.
D)He would have difficulty getting and/or sustaining an erection.

Question 34

What type of contraception is the least effective?

A)RU486
B)the rhythm method
C)condoms
D)birth control pills
E)All of these contraceptive methods are equally effectivE.

Question 35

In placental mammals,how does the fetus obtain nutrients and oxygen?

A)Maternal veins and and fetal arteries are directly connected in the chorionic villi.
B)Diffusion into the umbilical capillaries from maternal blood surrounding the chorionic villi.
C)Maternal blood cells are carried across the fetal capillary walls through special pores.
D)Maternal arteries and fetal veins are directly connected in the chorionic villi.
E)Diffusion into the umbilical cord from maternal blood surrounding the chorionic villi.

Question 36

Implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall is correlated with the degeneration of the corpus luteum.

Question 37

The process by which cells acquire specialized forms and functions is called

A)cell growth.
B)cell elasticity.
C)cell differentiation.
D)cell replication.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 38

The sharp peak of estradiol secretion during the ovarian cycle

A)inhibits the secretion of LH and FSH.
B)stimulates the secretion of LH and ovulation.
C)stimulates growth of the uterine lining.
D)stimulates completion of meiosis I.
E)inhibits progesterone production.

Question 39

Place the events of parturition in the correct order.
(1)Stretch-sensitive neurons send signals to the hypothalamus.
(2)Oxytocin receptors increase in the uterus.
(3)Prostaglandin levels increase.
(4)Estradiol levels increase.
(5)Oxytocin levels increase.
(6)Uterine muscles start to contract.

A)1,2,4,5,3,6
B)4,2,1,5,6,3
C)5,2,4,1,3,6
D)1,6,4,2,5,3
E)4,3,1,2,5,6

Question 40

What allows fetal hemoglobin to remove oxygen from maternal hemoglobin?

A)Fetal hemoglobin has an extra heme group.
B)Oxygen is more soluble in fetal blood than maternal blood.
C)Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than does maternal hemoglobin.
D)Fetal blood contains twice as many hemoglobin molecules than maternal blooD.
E)Fetal hemoglobin molecules are much larger than maternal hemoglobin molecules.

Question 41

The cortical reaction prevents multiple sperm from contributing their chromosomes to the egg.

Question 42

The cortical reaction causes

A)the vitelline layer to harden.
B)the embryo to embed into the uterus.
C)egg membrane depolarization.
D)the sperm to bind to the egg membrane.
E)follicle maturation.

Question 43

Which of the following germ layer-structure is mismatched?

A)mesoderm-notochord
B)endoderm-lungs or respiratory tube
C)ectoderm-epidermis
D)mesoderm-digestive tract
E)ectoderm-brain

Question 44

The outcome of cleavage during embryonic development is the production of a

A)blastulA.
B)gastrula.
C)neurula.
D)substantially larger embryo.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 45

Stem cells (unspecialized cells)that develop into bone cells have undergone which type of process?

A)involution
B)embryonic development
C)cellular differentiation
D)cellular respiration

Question 46

Organogenesis

A)involves acrosomal reaction.
B)is the formation of the three germ layers.
C)involves failure of the organs to form.
D)is when tadpoles become frogs.
E)is the longest event of embryonic development.

Question 47

Cell cleavage during embryonic development in ducks is

A)meroblastic.
B)holoblastic.
C)through the entire egg.
D)impossible.

Question 48

In chordates,which mesoderm structure forms during gastrulation and provides structural rigidity along the dorsal anterioposterior axis of the embryo?

A)archenteron
B)neural tube
C)notochord
D)epidermis
E)intestinal tract

Question 49

In a frog embryo,gastrulation

A)produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere.
B)occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere.
C)is impossible because of the large amount of yolk in the egg.
D)proceeds by invagination and involution as cells roll over the dorsal lip of the blastopore.
E)occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk.

Question 50

Which one of the structures below does NOT develop during neurulation?

A)cells that form pigment
B)the central nervous system
C)the neural crest
D)the archenteron
E)somites

Question 51

The sperm and its DNA enters the egg through simple diffusion through the egg plasma membrane.

Question 52

Which of the following is TRUE of fertilization?

A)It restores the egg to a diploid state.
B)It activates cell division.
C)It is critical to maintaining membrane polarity.
D)It both restores the egg to a diploid state and activates cell division.
E)It both restores the egg to a diploid state and maintains membrane polarity.

Question 53

The specific process by which a caterpillar becomes a butterfly is called

A)epigenesis.
B)cellular differentiation.
C)gastrulation.
D)involution.
E)metamorphosis.

Question 54

What stage of development involves cell division without cell growth?

A)fertilization
B)cleavage
C)neurulation
D)gastrulation
E)organogenesis

Question 55

Mesoderm gives rise to

A)epidermis.
B)respiratory tract.
C)digestive tract.
D)skeletal muscle.
E)peripheral nervous system.

Question 56

Once an egg has been fertilized,what event is crucial for preventing additional sperm from inserting DNA into the egg?

A)the acrosomal reaction
B)the cortical reaction
C)cleavage
D)follicle maturation

Question 57

The central nervous system first forms during

A)fertilization.
B)cleavage.
C)neurulation.
D)gastrulation.
E)organogenesis.

Question 58

Neural crest cells at the dorsal surface of the neural tube

A)form the notochord.
B)form the overlying ectoderm.
C)migrate to many different regions of the body.
D)differentiate into the brain.
E)control the segmentation of somatic mesoderm.

Question 59

The endoderm is a germ cell layer that tends to cover the embryo.

Question 60

Which event of fertilization occurs first?

A)vitelline layer hardens
B)the entry of sperm DNA into the egg
C)cleavage
D)the acrosomal reaction
E)the cortical reaction

Question 61

Why don't chickens menstruate?

A)It has been bred out of them.
B)The early embryo receives nutrients from the egg yolk.
C)The corpus luteum of a chicken is much smaller and passes without notice.
D)The eggshell serves the same purpose as the endometrium.

Question 62

The posterior end of the neural tube will develop into the brain.

Question 63

You are a chemist designing a test to allow women to know when they have ovulated.Choose the best hormone for your test,which will indicate that ovulation has occured when detected at high levels.

A)chorionic gonadotropin
B)estradiol
C)LH
D)progesterone

Question 64

One type of illegal doping in sports is the abuse of anabolic steroids such as testosterone.Doctors measure the testosterone (T)to LH ratio in athletes' urine to detect such doping.Why is this an effective indicator?

A)Testosterone upregulates LH,so the doping athlete will have an unusually low T/LH ratio.
B)LH downregulates testosterone,so the doping athlete will have an unusually low T/LH ratio.
C)LH has negative feedback onto testosterone,so the doping athlete will have an unusually high T/LH ratio.
D)Testosterone has negative feedback onto LH production,so the doping athlete will have an unusually high T/LH ratio.

Question 65

Human eggs undergo holoblastic cleavage during development.

Question 66

A certain drug has a side-effect of disrupting levels of luteinizing hormone (LH).Which patients should be advised that this drug could affect their fertility?

A)Men
B)Women
C)Men and women
D)Neither -- it would only disrupt late fetal development.

Question 67

What would happen if the cortical reaction proceeded before the acrosomal reaction was complete?

A)Fertilization would not occur.
B)This is the normal situation.
C)Multiple sperm would fertilize the egg.
D)Twins may form.

Question 68

Many small creatures that live in temporary puddles can reproduce asexually at least occasionally.Why might this be a useful strategy for a puddle-dweller?

A)Puddles are very stable environments,so well adapted creatures should maintain their genes without mixing.
B)A single individual can quickly populate a transient environment.
C)Using asexual reproduction increases genetic variety and thus adaptability.
D)In asexual reproduction,the mother can choose the best of each chromosome to make the ideal haploid individual.

Question 69

Under the microscope,you observe the first few cell divisions of an embryo.Instead of dividing the entire ball,the divisions are only separating the top half into smaller and smaller spheres.The bottom half appears to remain as one large cell.What is a likely explanation?

A)It is a bird or fish embryo.
B)A developmental error has occurred.
C)Gastrulation has occurred.
D)The bottom half is the notochorD.

Question 70

Imagine a drug that causes an increase in the signaling pathway activated by nitric oxide (NO).What might be the effect of such a drug?

A)increase sperm production
B)initiate ovulation
C)produce an erection
D)downregulate testosterone

Question 71

A mutation in mice leads to overgrowth of the Sertoli cells,so they span across the diameter of the seminiferous tubules.What phenotype would you expect to see?

A)infertility due to lack of mature oocytes
B)overproduction of sperm,so they clog the bulbourethral gland
C)overproduction of testosterone
D)infertility due to lack of mature sperm entering the epididymis

Question 72

Red blood cells are derived from endoderm.

Question 73

Cleavage occurs after implantation into the lining of the uterus.

Question 74

Neurulation begins with the thickening of the ectoderm over the neural tube.