Deck 37: Respiratory Systems

Question 1

The atmospheric pressure on top of Mt.Everest is only about 238 mmHg,so the approximate partial pressure of oxygen there is

A)2.4 mmHg.
B)50 mmHg.
C)186 mmHg.
D)238 mmHg.
E)476 mmHg.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Imagine that you have two people using breathing gear under water.Diver 1 is using an old style "rebreather" that removes carbon dioxide before the mixture is "rebreathed" and therefore decreases overall carbon dioxide concentrations in the blood.Diver 2 is using regular SCUBA gear and is breathing air with the normal amount of carbon dioxide that does not lower blood levels of carbon dioxide.Which diver would have a higher blood pH and which would feel more an "urge to breathe"?

A)Diver 1 would have higher blood pH and would feel the "urge to breathe" sooner.
B)Diver 2 would have higher blood pH and feel the "urge to breathe" sooner.
C)Diver 1 would have higher blood pH,while Diver 2 would feel the "urge to breathe" sooner.
D)Diver 2 would have higher blood pH,while Diver 1 would feel the "urge to breathe" sooner.
E)There would be no difference in blood pH or breathing between the two divers.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The proportion of the total air pressure that is exerted by an individual gas in a gas mixture is referred to as the

A)partial pressure of that gas.
B)incomplete pressure of that gas.
C)total pressure of that gas.
D)gas-specific gravity of that gas.
E)barometry of that gas.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The main phenomenon that increases the efficiency of gas exchange in fish gills is the

A)countercurrent exchange mechanism.
B)co-current exchange mechanism.
C)high degree of oxygen saturation of water.
D)back-and-forth movement of water that maximizes oxygen uptake.
E)very high blood pressure found in the circulatory system of fishes.

Question 5

Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because

A)the volume of the thoracic cavity increases.
B)pressure in the alveoli increases.
C)the diaphragm contracts and pushes upward on the chest cavity.
D)smooth muscle lining the trachea,bronchi and bronchioles contracts and causes their volume to increase.
E)pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs.

Question 6

The proportion of the air we breathe accounted for by oxygen is approximately

A)21%.
B)1%.
C)5%.
D)50%.
E)78%.

Question 7

The volume of air normally breathed in and out of the lungs in a single breath at rest is referred to as the

A)tidal volume.
B)total volume.
C)reserve volume.
D)inspiratory reserve volume.
E)expiratory reserve volumE.

Question 8

The respiratory pigment you would find in a blue crab or octopus is

A)hemocyanin.
B)hemoglobin.
C)hemophilin.
D)ferritin.
E)calmodulin.

Question 9

What formula correctly represents the behavior of CO₂ in the blood?

A)CO₂ + H₂O « H₂CO₃ + CO
B)CO₂ + H⁺ « HCO₃⁺ « H₂O + H₂CO₃
C)CO₂ + HCO₃^- « H⁺ + H₂O + H₂CO₃
D)CO₂ + H₂O « H₂CO₃ « HCO₃^- + H⁺
E)CO₂ + H₂CO₃ + O₂ « H₂O + CO₂ + H₂CO₃

Question 10

In the alveoli

A)oxygen diffuses into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.
B)oxygen diffuses out of the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood.
C)both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse out of the blood.
D)both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into the blooD.
E)no exchange with the blood occurs.

Question 11

What is the correct sequence of structures through which air passes through on the way into the mammalian lung?

A)pharynx $\rarr$ larynx $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ bronchi $\rarr$ bronchioles $\rarr$ alveoli
B)larynx $\rarr$ pharynx $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ bronchi $\rarr$ bronchioles $\rarr$ alveoli
C)pharynx $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ larynx $\rarr$ bronchi $\rarr$ bronchioles $\rarr$ alveoli
D)bronchi $\rarr$ bronchioles $\rarr$ pharynx $\rarr$ larynx $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ alveoli
E)alveoli $\rarr$ bronchioles $\rarr$ bronchi $\rarr$ trachea $\rarr$ larynx $\rarr$ pharynx

Question 12

During inspiration (a.k.a.inhalation)of air into the lung of a mammal

A)the chest cavity has a positive pressure.
B)the diaphragm moves upward.
C)the diaphragm contracts.
D)the rib cage moves down.
E)the intercostal muscles relax.

Question 13

The metal atom bound to the heme group of hemoglobin is

A)iron.
B)copper.
C)manganese.
D)zinc.
E)sodium.

Question 14

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood of humans is transported

A)as dissolved CO₂ in plasmA.
B)as bicarbonate ion in plasma.
C)attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
D)attached to hemoglobin in plasma.
E)as carbonic acid.

Question 15

The respiratory centers that control ventilation of the lungs in mammals are located in the

A)brainstem.
B)hypothalamus.
C)cerebral cortex.
D)bronchi.
E)neck.

Question 16

Which vertebrates exhibit a "flow through" respiratory system?

A)mammals
B)birds
C)amphibians
D)fishes
E)birds and fishes

Question 17

Why aren't insect tracheae associated with capillary beds?

A)Insect capillaries are found only around the gut.
B)Insects have an open circulatory system.
C)Insects have external gills associated with hemolymph vessels.
D)Insects use an air sac respiratory system.

Question 18

The exchange surfaces of fish gills are arranged as rows of

A)lamellae.
B)trachea.
C)alveoli.
D)parabronchi.
E)spiracles.

Question 19

What would be the most direct result of an individual having an inability to produce surfactant in their alveoli?

A)The alveoli would physically collapse.
B)The alveoli would be much more likely to harbor infections.
C)The alveoli would fill with fluid due to an ion transport defect.
D)Oxygen exchange with the blood would be impaired due to a thickening of the epithelium.
E)Carbon dioxide exchange with the blood would be impaired due to an inhibition of carbonic anhydrasE.

Question 20

The opening to the tracheal system (respiratory system)in insects is the

A)spiracle.
B)trachea.
C)alveolus.
D)bronchus.
E)stomata.

Question 21

What would happen to the gas exchange rate within an insect if the circulatory system was compromised?

A)The gas exchange rate would decrease slightly.
B)The gas exchange rate would decrease significantly.
C)The gas exchange rate would increase significantly.
D)The gas exchange rate would increase slightly.
E)The gas exchange rate would be unaffected.

Question 22

If the efficiency of the alveoli in an human was reduced by 50%,what would you predict would be the effect?

A)The volume of air in the lungs would decrease by 50%.
B)The rate of gas exchange would decrease by 50%.
C)The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen would decrease by 50%.
D)The muscular control of breathing would decrease by 50%.

Question 23

Mammals fill their lungs using a negative pressure mechanism.

Question 24

Which mammals would be expected to have hemoglobin with the lowest affinity for oxygen?

A)mouse
B)wolf
C)human
D)horse
E)elephant

Question 25

Smaller mammals typically have higher ventilation rates than large mammals.

Question 26

Imagine that you are monitoring a test subject's blood.The pH of the blood is steadily decreasing,while the carbon dioxide levels are steadily increasing.What do you predict will occur?

A)As soon as oxygen levels decrease,the brain will stimulate an increase in the breathing rate.
B)Because of the increase in carbon dioxide levels,the brain will stimulate an increase in the breathing rate.
C)Because of the increase in carbon dioxide levels,the blood will decrease its affinity for oxygen.

Question 27

Temperature influences the solubility of gases in water.

Question 28

Predict the most immediate consequence of the inflammation of the pleural sac in a human.

A)Gas exchange would decrease.
B)Lung volume would decrease.
C)Respiratory muscle activity would decrease.
D)Hemoglobin's oxygen affinity would decrease.

Question 29

The shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is a straight line.

Question 30

Marine mammals are unable to breathe air during periods of prolonged diving.To enable such feats,in relation to their muscle physiology,they have

A)increased myoglobin concentrations.
B)increased capillary densities.
C)increased amounts of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D)increased expression of acetylcholine receptors.
E)All of the choices for this question are correct.

Question 31

Fishes exhibit a method of ventilating their gills termed "tidal ventilation."

Question 32

Asthma attacks result from contraction of the muscles surrounding the bronchioles.

Question 33

In conditions that include a constant temperature,if a dog increases the volume of her lung and thereby the volume of gas continained within,predict what will happen to the pressure of the gas.

A)The pressure will increase.
B)The pressure will decrease.
C)The pressure will not change.

Question 34

During a particular period of physiological crisis,imagine that your carbon dioxide levels increase sharply,and consequently your blood pH decreases.Predict what will happen to the affinity of your hemoglobin for oxygen in this situation.

A)The affinity for oxygen by hemoglobin is constant - it does not change.
B)The affinity for oxygen by hemoglobin will increase to correct this situation.
C)The affinity for oxygen by hemoglobin will decrease to correct this situation.

Question 35

Imagine that you have been bitten by a poisonous snake with neurotoxic venom.Thankfully,you are rushed to the emergency room of a local hospital,where you receive antivenom.Your condition subsequently returns to normal.Before your release,your physician chastises you for not being more careful.He informs you that you were within minutes of not being able to breathe as the result of the venom's effect on the nervous control of your breathing.As a biology student,you consider this carefully,and hypothesize that your breathing would have stopped because the venom would cause

A)your trachea to collapse.
B)your lungs to collapse.
C)your diaphragm to become inactive.
D)your blood to lose oxygen.

Question 36

As a child grows,the lungs increase in size as well.Hypothesize what the pressure of the gases within the lungs would be if the lung volume of an individual goes from 3000ml to 4000ml.

A)gas pressure would decrease
B)gas pressure would increase
C)gas pressure would be unchanged