Deck 11: Overview of Corrections

Question 1

What did a study in Canada find concerning harsh punishments?

A)Researchers found that adolescents who received harsh punishments were less likely to be rearrested.
B)Researchers found that adolescents who received harsh punishment were more likely to be rearrested.
C)Researchers found that adolescents who received harsh punishments were more likely to commit suicide in prison.
D)Researchers found that adolescents who received harsh punishments were more likely to be charged as adults when they committed subsequent crimes.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The most traditional form of early punishment was:

A)corporal punishment.
B)fines.
C)banishment.
D)imprisonment.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The term corrections can be traced back to the turn of the ________ century in America.

A)nineteenth
B)twenty-first
C)twentieth
D)eighteenth

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Researchers who study punishment believe that the motive for harsh punishment is not deterrence but:

A)retribution.
B)restoration.
C)incapacitation.
D)rehabilitation.

Question 5

How did citizens in sixteenth-and seventeeth-century England make sure that punishment of offenders,particularly hanging,would have the desired deterrent effect?

A)By having police officers go door-to-door notifying citizens of the hanging
B)By ensuring that both the king and the queen are present at the place of hanging
C)By making the hanging a public event in the town square
D)By publishing pictures of the hanging in the newspaper

Question 6

Which of the following statements is true about workhouses?

A)Workhouses were safe and contained excellent sanitary facilities.
B)Only the most hardened and violent criminals were housed there.
C)Men,women,and children were kept separate from each other.
D)The main crime of many of the people in the workhouses was failing to pay fines or debts.

Question 7

The main goal of the corrections system is to:

A)deter future offenders from committing crime.
B)restore what was damaged in the community during the commission of a crime.
C)provide victims and their families with justice.
D)transform offenders into law-abiding citizens.

Question 8

Which of the following is true about the effectiveness of harsh punishments as deterrents to crime?

A)The threat of harsh punishment does not necessarily reduce crime.
B)The threat of harsh punishment only deters offenders from committing certain offenses,such as murder,robbery,or assault.
C)The threat of harsh punishments only deters crime among certain offenders,such as those who are employed and have a family.
D)The threat of harsh punishments almost always deters crime.

Question 9

The belief that harsh punishments reduce crime is based on the assumption that:

A)potential criminals do not act impulsively.
B)All these answers are correct.
C)potential criminals weigh the benefits and costs of committing a crime before they make a decision.
D)potential criminals are concerned about the future.

Question 10

One of the early forms of punishment in England was to hold convicts in abandoned ships,which are called:

A)garrotes.
B)galleys.
C)hulks.
D)houses of corrections.

Question 11

Jack and Jill are both convicted of driving under the influence.Jack is sentenced to nine months in jail,while Jill is sentenced to six months on probation.Jill's sentence is an example of ________ corrections.

A)institutional
B)retributional
C)community
D)intermediate

Question 12

Eventually,correctional philosophy shifted from punishment to ________,characterized by changing individuals from offenders into law-abiding citizens.

A)rehabilitation
B)deterrence
C)retribution
D)incapacitation

Question 13

If you were sentenced to row ships during the 1400s and 1500s in England,you were sentenced to:

A)a plague town.
B)the sulfur pits.
C)a hulk.
D)galley slavery.

Question 14

________ is a perspective that focuses on the offender's responsibility to repair the hurt,damage,and injustice that the crime victim has experienced by making restitution and doing community service.

A)Privatization justice
B)Restorative justice
C)Transportation justice
D)Industrial justice

Question 15

Historically,people believed that the only way to control crime was through severe punishments and:

A)social ostracism.
B)fear of being caught.
C)large fines.
D)fear of death.

Question 16

Convicts who were transported from Britain to American colonies to be sold to private individuals to act as servants for a period of time were:

A)Walnut servants.
B)hulk servants.
C)indentured servants.
D)penitentiary servants.

Question 17

In England during the eleventh century,those who broke laws were often held in ________ until it was time to impose punishment.

A)private estates
B)prisons
C)community corrections centers
D)halfway houses

Question 18

Jack and Jill are both convicted of driving under the influence.Jack is sentenced to nine months in jail,while Jill is sentenced to six months on probation.Jack's sentence is an example of ________ corrections.

A)intermediate
B)community
C)retributional
D)institutional

Question 19

The original purpose of a plague town was to:

A)force people to learn about the bubonic plague.
B)house criminals in places that contained people who were infected with plagues.
C)force people to pay off their debts.
D)confine people in communities infected by the bubonic plague.

Question 20

The term ________ denotes society's efforts to punish and treat individuals who break the law,and thereby to protect the public.

A)hulks
B)privatization
C)vertical integration
D)corrections

Question 21

________ system was a system of prison administration in which prisoners were isolated in cells at night but allowed to congregate during the day for work duty and meals,but in total silence.

A)Pennsylvania
B)Auburn
C)Minnesota
D)Philadelphia

Question 22

The Auburn system differed from the Pennsylvania system in that inmates were:

A)not permitted to have Bibles in their cells.
B)permitted to share cells.
C)permitted to congregate during the day to work together in silence.
D)permitted to communicate with each other.

Question 23

In 1785 in Philadelphia,half of the individuals sentenced to jail were guilty of:

A)a property crime.
B)homicide.
C)public order crimes.
D)not paying their debts.

Question 24

Newgate Prison,in Connecticut,was originally a:

A)cave.
B)private home.
C)copper mine.
D)colonial jail.

Question 25

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from our contemporary prisons and jails.One of the first methods of confinement was a facility where a wide range of people were sent to work;most of these people were not hardened criminals,but were guilty of not paying their debts.Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands,such as the American colonies and Australia.As the American Revolution began,however,England had to find something else to do with their criminals.As a result,they reconfigured abandoned ships to hold criminals on the riverbanks.The practice of exporting criminals to other lands,such as the American colonies and Australia,was referred to as:

A)transportation.
B)vertical integration.
C)exploitation.
D)exoneration.

Question 26

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from our contemporary prisons and jails.One of the first methods of confinement was a facility where a wide range of people were sent to work;most of these people were not hardened criminals,but were guilty of not paying their debts.Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands,such as the American colonies and Australia.As the American Revolution began,however,England had to find something else to do with their criminals.As a result,they reconfigured abandoned ships to hold criminals on the riverbanks.The facility where people were confined and forced to work is called a:

A)All these answers are correct.
B)house of compulsory reformation.
C)house of correction.
D)workhouse.

Question 27

The style of confinement under the Auburn system was called

A)communicative rehabilitation.
B)confinement rehabilitation.
C)restoration.
D)congregate system.

Question 28

If you were accused of a crime and were awaiting trial in the early United States,you would most likely be held in:

A)a hulk.
B)an ordinary house that served as a jail-house.
C)a gaol.
D)a state prison.

Question 29

A punishment that involved no torture or corporal punishment for offenders and focused on reforming their behavior is based on ________ principles.

A)Quaker
B)Puritan
C)English
D)colonial

Question 30

One of the most commonly used penal colonies during the late 1700s was:

A)AustraliA.
B)Great Britain.
C)Canada.
D)Mexico.

Question 31

If you were a woman being held while awaiting trial in the early colonial period of the United States,you would most likely be housed:

A)with other women.
B)in a state prison.
C)with other women,men,and even children.
D)in solitary confinement.

Question 32

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from our contemporary prisons and jails.One of the first methods of confinement was a facility where a wide range of people were sent to work;most of these people were not hardened criminals,but were guilty of not paying their debts.Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands,such as the American colonies and Australia.As the American Revolution began,however,England had to find something else to do with their criminals.As a result,they reconfigured abandoned ships to hold criminals on the riverbanks.The ships that were used to house offenders on riverbanks were called:

A)garrotes.
B)hulks.
C)hulls.
D)schooners.

Question 33

Penitentiaries embraced the principle of

A)All these answers are correct.
B)solitude.
C)solitary segregation.
D)penitence or sorrow.

Question 34

One of the main criticisms of the Pennsylvania system was that inmates:

A)suffered severe physical abuse.
B)transferred communicable diseases to each other.
C)often developed mental illnesses.
D)were not permitted to communicate with each other.

Question 35

________ is considered to be the first penitentiary.

A)Auburn Prison
B)Bridewell Palace
C)Walnut Street Jail
D)Cherry Hill Jail

Question 36

The penal colony Isla Maria is located off the coast of:

A)Brazil.
B)Canada.
C)Mexico.
D)the United States.

Question 37

Early forms of confinement in England and other European countries were very different from our contemporary prisons and jails.One of the first methods of confinement was a facility where a wide range of people were sent to work;most of these people were not hardened criminals,but were guilty of not paying their debts.Another form of confinement was exporting criminals to other lands,such as the American colonies and Australia.As the American Revolution began,however,England had to find something else to do with their criminals.As a result,they reconfigured abandoned ships to hold criminals on the riverbanks.The other lands that English criminals were often exported to are referred to as:

A)hulks.
B)slave colonies.
C)transportation ports.
D)penal colonies.

Question 38

An early American judge who wished for an offender to repent for his or her sins or wrongdoings would most likely be inclined to sentence an offender to (a):

A)hulk.
B)county jail.
C)penitentiary.
D)reformatory.

Question 39

Suppose you were housed in a prison where you spent all of your time working in a small cell and were not permitted to communicate with other inmates or family members on the outside.You were most likely housed in the:

A)Cherry Hill Jail.
B)Elmira Reformatory.
C)Auburn Prison.
D)Eastern State Penitentiary.

Question 40

A new prison being built in Michigan includes back-to-back cells,used for sleeping only,and focuses on a system where inmates work together in silence during the day to turn a profit for the prison.Corporal punishment is used on inmates who violate prison rules.This prison is modeled after the:

A)European system.
B)Pennsylvania system.
C)Massachusetts system.
D)Auburn system.

Question 41

________ are more likely than any other racial or ethnic group to be incarcerated.

A)Whites
B)Asians
C)Hispanics
D)Blacks

Question 42

After a great debate over which prison system (Pennsylvania or Auburn)was better,most prisons in America were modeled after:

A)the Pennsylvania system.
B)Eastern State Penitentiary.
C)the Auburn system.
D)the Walnut Street Jail.

Question 43

Four friends,Bob,Sue,Tom,and John,have been convicted of bank robbery.Upon sentencing,they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons,each with its own philosophy of corrections.Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell;he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs.Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders,who,she thinks,should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious.Tom,on the other hand,has access to many different treatment programs.Finally,the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community.He spends his time preparing for release.When John is released,he moves to a ________,which is a community-based residence that helps him reintegrate back into society successfully.

A)technical rule violator center
B)jail
C)halfway house
D)restitution center

Question 44

Which of the following was one of the lasting effects of the Martinson Report of 1974?

A)New treatment programs were created in many prisons.
B)Most prisons drastically cut funding to prison treatment programs or eliminated them altogether.
C)The federal government called for more funding for prison treatment programs.
D)Funding for treatment programs in prisons increaseD.

Question 45

If Joe is incarcerated in a prison where criminals are viewed as ill,and he receives treatment to cure his "illness," the prison is centered around the:

A)therapeutic model.
B)punitive model.
C)medical model.
D)rehabilitation model.

Question 46

Federal prison inmates are most likely to be:

A)Asian.
B)White.
C)HispaniC.
D)African American.

Question 47

Suppose Joe is incarcerated in a prison where there is a focus on treatment.The prison views the inmates as "sick" and tries to "cure" their criminal behavior.Joe is most likely incarcerated in a(n):

A)industrial prison.
B)Pennsylvania prison.
C)therapeutic prison
D)reformatory.

Question 48

If you have been convicted of a serious violent crime and have been sentenced to eight years of incarceration,you are most likely residing in a:

A)restitution center.
B)prison.
C)halfway house.
D)jail.

Question 49

If you were accused of committing a crime and have not been released on bail prior to your trial,you are most likely being held in a:

A)restitution center.
B)halfway house.
C)jail.
D)prison.

Question 50

Suppose Jack is incarcerated in a facility where he makes shoes that are sold on the open market.He is subject to strict discipline and is not paid for his work.Jack is most likely incarcerated in a(n):

A)reformatory.
B)county jail.
C)industrial prison.
D)Pennsylvania prison.

Question 51

One of the most important reasons that the Auburn system was favored over the Pennsylvania system was because the Auburn system:

A)focused on solitary confinement.
B)focused on reform and rehabilitation.
C)was able to turn a profit through convict labor.
D)used corporal punishment.

Question 52

Approximately 1 out of every __________ adult American is under some form of correctional supervision.

A)47
B)35
C)15
D)63

Question 53

Four friends,Bob,Sue,Tom,and John have been convicted of bank robbery.Upon sentencing,they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons,each with its own philosophy of corrections.Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell;he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs.Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders,who,she thinks,should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious.Tom,on the other hand,has access to many different treatment programs.Finally,the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community.He spends his time preparing for release.Tom is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the ________ model of corrections.

A)reintegration
B)punishment
C)rehabilitation
D)crime control

Question 54

Most inmates are serving sentences for ________ crimes.

A)public order
B)property
C)violent
D)drug

Question 55

Jack and Jill are both convicted of armed robbery.At the sentencing hearing,the judge sentences Jack to ten years in prison and orders him to pay a fine of $1,120 as well as restitution to the victims.Jill,on the other hand,is sentenced to only five years in prison and must pay a fine of $750;she does not have to pay any restitution.Jill's sentence,which is more lenient than Jack's for the same crime,provides an example of:

A)the brutalization hypothesis.
B)the patriarchal hypothesis.
C)the gendered hypothesis.
D)the chivalry hypothesis.

Question 56

Four friends,Bob,Sue,Tom,and John,have been convicted of bank robbery.Upon sentencing,they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons,each with its own philosophy of corrections.Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell;he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs.Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders,who,she thinks,should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious.Tom,on the other hand,has access to many different treatment programs.Finally,the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community.He spends his time preparing for release.Bob is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the ________ model of corrections.

A)crime control
B)reintegration
C)rehabilitation
D)punishment

Question 57

One of the most significant reasons that reformatories fell out of popularity was because:

A)the programs that were offered only affected a small number of inmates.
B)classification systems were scarce in most reformatories.
C)Preview
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D)educational programs were scarce in most reformatories.

Question 58

Four friends,Bob,Sue,Tom,and John,have been convicted of bank robbery.Upon sentencing,they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons,each with its own philosophy of corrections.Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell;he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs.Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders,who,she thinks,should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious.Tom,on the other hand,has access to many different treatment programs.Finally,the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community.He spends his time preparing for release.John is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the ________ model of corrections.

A)crime control
B)rehabilitation
C)reintegration
D)punishment

Question 59

The Elmira Reformatory centered on the principles of:

A)incarceration.
B)restoration.
C)rehabilitation.
D)restitution.

Question 60

Four friends,Bob,Sue,Tom,and John,have been convicted of bank robbery.Upon sentencing,they discover that they are being sent to four different prisons,each with its own philosophy of corrections.Bob spends much of his sentence in an isolation cell;he is also subject to strict rules and regulations and has no access to rehabilitation programs.Sue finds herself in a prison that is filled with individuals serving very lengthy sentences as well as some low-level offenders,who,she thinks,should never have been incarcerated because their crimes are not serious.Tom,on the other hand,has access to many different treatment programs.Finally,the prison where John is incarcerated is focused on John's success when he returns to the community.He spends his time preparing for release.Sue is most likely incarcerated in a prison that adheres to the ________ model of corrections.

A)rehabilitation
B)crime control
C)reintegration
D)punishment

Question 61

What has research indicated concerning the cost-effectiveness of private prisons?

A)Private prisons are less expensive than government-run prisons to operate.
B)Private prisons as just as expensive as government-run prisons to operate.
C)Private prisons are more expensive than government-run prisons to operate.
D)Both private prisons and government-run prisons have seen decreases in their operation costs.

Question 62

What has research found concerning the effectiveness of faith-based prisons?

A)at least 50% more
B)Their effectiveness was not clear.
C)They are not effective for any inmates with regard to recidivism rates and employment outcomes.
D)They are effective for all inmates in reducing recidivism,increasing job placement,increasing civic involvement,and improving family relationships.

Question 63

Suppose you have been convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol and you are ordered by the sentencing judge to attend an event where the family members of victims killed as a result of driving under the influence speak about the effects of the crime.You have been sentenced to a(n):

A)victim-impact panel.
B)restoration panel.
C)public forum on driving under the influence.
D)MADD event.

Question 64

If you are housed in an institution that focuses on rehabilitation and religious services,you are most likely housed in a:

A)spiritual-based prison.
B)faith-based prison.
C)reintegrative prison.
D)religious education prison.

Question 65

A Florida study found that inmates housed in private prisons had ________ inmates housed in state-run prisons.

A)similar recidivism rates to
B)higher recidivism rates than
C)a longer period of time before they recidivated than
D)lower recidivism rates than

Question 66

Private prisons have gained popularity in the United States because of:

A)the increase in the diversity in state and federal prisons.
B)public support for privatization of corrections.
C)the increased costs of incarceration.
D)overcrowded prisons.

Question 67

The number of inmates housed in private prisons has ________ in the past two decades.

A)stayed the same
B)decreased,while the number of inmates housed in private jails has increased,
C)decreased
D)increased

Question 68

Research has indicated that offenders who participate in a victim-impact panel have ________ recidivism rates as/than offenders who do not participate in a victim impact panel.

A)By ensuring that both the king and the queen of England are present during the hanging
B)similar
C)higher
D)lower

Question 69

The ________ is a report,published in 1974,indicating that rehabilitative efforts,for the most part,were having little to no effect on recidivism.

A)Riverside Report
B)John Report
C)Martinson Report
D)Roberts Report

Question 70

Industry experts expect that private prisons and faith-based prisons will:

A)decrease in number of the next ten years.
B)result in dramatic reductions in recidivism rates.
C)save state and federal corrections departments millions of dollars.
D)continue to grow in number.