Deck 12: Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defenses

Question 1

Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it

A)is toxic to pathogens.
B)creates a physical barrier against pathogens.
C)destroys pathogens.
D)physically restricts pathogens to a specific region.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Components of the first line of defense include all the following except

A)the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin.
B)nasal hairs.
C)flushing action of tears and blinking.
D)flushing action of urine.
E)phagocytic white blood cells.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are

A)basophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)neutrophils.
D)monocytes.
E)lymphocytes.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation,contain peroxidase and lysozyme,and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are

A)basophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)neutrophils.
D)monocytes.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 5

This body region is protected by fatty acids,acidic pH,lactic acid,and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.

A)skin
B)respiratory tract
C)digestive tract
D)urinary tract
E)eyes

Question 6

The term _____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

A)antibody
B)allergen
C)antigen
D)foreign body
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 7

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's third line of defense?

A)basophils
B)eosinophils
C)neutrophils
D)monocytes
E)lymphocytes

Question 8

The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are

A)basophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)neutrophils.
D)monocytes.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 9

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is

A)lactic acid.
B)hydrochloric acid.
C)lysozyme.
D)histamine.
E)bile.

Question 10

Which of the following is incorrect about blood cells?

A)after birth,produced in red bone marrow sites
B)develop from undifferentiated stem cells
C)include mast cells
D)include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes
E)include erythrocytes that,when mature,lose their nuclei

Question 11

The reticuloendothelial system

A)is a support network of connective tissue fibers.
B)originates in the cellular basal lamina.
C)provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs.
D)is heavily populated with macrophages.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 12

Lysozyme is found in

A)mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
B)mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract.
C)salivary secretions.
D)sweat from sweat glands.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for

A)surveillance of the body.
B)recognition of foreign material.
C)destruction of foreign material.
D)All of the above choices are correct.
E)Only recognition of foreign material and destruction of foreign material are correct.

Question 14

Immune system cells differentiate between self and foreign cells by their

A)cell walls.
B)biota.
C)markers.
D)skin.
E)cell processes.

Question 15

Plasma

A)is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended.
B)is mostly water.
C)contains albumin and globulins.
D)contains fibrinogen.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 16

Each of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except

A)unbroken skin.
B)mucus.
C)hairs.
D)tears.
E)T cells.

Question 17

Nonspecific chemical defenses include

A)lysozyme.
B)lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat.
C)skin's acidic pH and fatty acids.
D)stomach hydrochloric acid.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 18

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the

A)skin.
B)respiratory tract.
C)digestive tract.
D)urinary tract.
E)eyes.

Question 19

The main function of the reticuloendothelial system is to provide

A)surveillance cells.
B)a connection between tissues and organs.
C)filtration of extracellular fluid.
D)filtration of blood.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 20

Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?

A)bloodstream
B)extracellular fluid
C)lymphatic system
D)intracellular fluid
E)reticuloendothelial system

Question 21

Diapedesis is the

A)loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
B)production of only red blood cells.
C)production of white blood cells,red blood cells,and platelets.
D)plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
E)migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

Question 22

All of the following pertain to platelets except they

A)contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
B)function primarily in hemostasis.
C)originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes.
D)function in blood clotting and inflammation.
E)are not whole cells but are pieces of cells.

Question 23

Each of the following are granulocytes except

A)neutrophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)lymphocytes.
D)basophils.
E)All of the choices are granulocytes.

Question 24

A type of monocyte that has long,thin processes to trap pathogens are

A)dendritic cells.
B)eosinophils.
C)macrophages.
D)platelets.
E)mast cells.

Question 25

The granules of basophils contain

A)antibodies.
B)antigens.
C)digestive enzymes.
D)histamine.
E)lysozyme.

Question 26

All the following are events of early inflammation except

A)macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis.
B)chemical mediators and cytokines are released.
C)brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation.
D)exudate and pus can accumulate.
E)capillaries become more permeable resulting in edema.

Question 27

Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?

A)It can last hours to years.
B)Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
C)Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
D)Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
E)Basophils and mast cells release histamine.

Question 28

Plasma cells

A)function in cell-mediated immunity.
B)are derived from T lymphocytes.
C)function in blood clotting.
D)produce and secrete antibodies.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 29

Which of the following is in the correct order from greatest to least phagocytic activity?

A)neutrophils,eosinophils,macrophages
B)neutrophils,macrophages,eosinophils
C)eosinophils,macrophages,neutrophils
D)macrophages,neutrophils,eosinophils
E)macrophages,eosinophils,neutrophils

Question 30

Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?

A)monocytes
B)eosinophils
C)basophils
D)neutrophils
E)lymphocytes

Question 31

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit,groin,and neck?

A)lymph nodes
B)thymus
C)spleen
D)GALT
E)tonsils

Question 32

Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?

A)lymph nodes
B)thymus
C)spleen
D)GALT
E)tonsils

Question 33

_____ function in humoral immunity,while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.

A)B cells,T cells
B)T cells,B cells
C)monocytes,basophils
D)basophils,T cells
E)B cells,neutrophils

Question 34

Which white blood cells comprise 3% to 7% of circulating WBCs,are phagocytic,and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages?

A)basophils
B)eosinophils
C)neutrophils
D)monocytes
E)lymphocytes

Question 35

Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T lymphocytes?

A)lymph nodes
B)thymus
C)spleen
D)GALT
E)tonsils

Question 36

Neutrophils,eosinophils,and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that,in a stained blood smear,appear with identifying,characteristic colors.

A)leukocytes
B)granulocytes
C)agranulocytes
D)monocytes
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 37

The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as

A)lymph nodes.
B)thymus.
C)spleen.
D)GALT.
E)tonsils.

Question 38

Hematopoiesis is the

A)loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
B)production of only red blood cells.
C)production of white blood cells,red blood cells,and platelets.
D)plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
E)migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

Question 39

When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into

A)primary phagocytes.
B)neutrophils.
C)killer T cells.
D)cytotoxic T cells.
E)macrophages.

Question 40

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except

A)redness.
B)warmth.
C)swelling.
D)pain.
E)chills.

Question 41

A person will typically experience the sensation of _____ when fever is starting to occur in the body.

A)heat
B)pain
C)chill
D)sweat
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 42

All of the following pertain to interferon except it

A)is a protein.
B)is produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells.
C)includes alpha,beta,and gamma types.
D)inhibits viruses,tumors,and cancer gene expression.
E)increases capillary permeability and vasodilation.

Question 43

Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation?

A)rubor - redness
B)calor - warmth
C)tumor - cancer
D)dolar - pain
E)None of these is mismatched.

Question 44

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell,in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins?

A)complement
B)albumin
C)interferon
D)histamine

Question 45

Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?

A)start tissue repair
B)destroy microbes
C)mobilize and attract immune components to injury site
D)block further invasion
E)cause a fever

Question 46

The leakage of excess fluid into tissues is called

A)chemotaxis.
B)edema.
C)diapedesis.
D)vasoactivity.
E)pus.

Question 47

Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances?

A)hydrogen peroxide
B)nitric oxide
C)lactic acid
D)superoxide anion
E)All of these are used.

Question 48

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process?

A)formation of pus and edema
B)scar formation and/or resolution
C)vascular reactions
D)injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators
E)activation of the complement system

Question 49

Which of the following is incorrect about complement?

A)is composed of at least 20 blood proteins
B)only appears in the blood during a response to a pathogen
C)acts in a cascade reaction
D)involves a classical pathway
E)involves an alternate pathway

Question 50

Each of the following is involved in the migration of white blood cells except

A)chemotaxis.
B)diapedesis.
C)motility.
D)vasodilatation.
E)phagocytosis.

Question 51

Which of the following is mismatched?

A)interferon alpha and beta - inhibits viral replication
B)interleukin-2 - stimulates T-cell mitosis and B-cell antibody production
C)serotonin - causes smooth muscle contraction
D)prostaglandins - activate eosinophils and B cells
E)tumor necrosis factor - increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis

Question 52

The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves

A)initiation of the cascade.
B)production of inflammatory cytokines.
C)a ring-shaped protein that digests holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes.
D)cleaving of C3 to yield C3a and C3b.
E)C1q binding to surface receptors on a membrane.

Question 53

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are

A)complement.
B)interferons.
C)leukotrines.
D)pyrogens.
E)lysozymes.

Question 54

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

A)inflammation
B)phagocytosis
C)interferon production
D)complement production
E)bradykinin

Question 55

Histamine,serotonin,and bradykinin are all

A)vasoactive mediators.
B)mediators of B-cell activity.
C)mediators of T-cell activity.
D)mediators that increase chemotaxis.
E)fever inducers.

Question 56

Each of the following are benefits of fever except it

A)reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply.
B)increases the availability of iron.
C)increases phagocytosis.
D)increases metabolism.
E)stimulates hematopoiesis.

Question 57

Which of the following is not a type of phagocyte?

A)neutrophil
B)macrophage
C)Kupffer cell
D)monocyte
E)lymphocyte

Question 58

What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances?

A)MALTs
B)RES
C)PAMPs
D)BALTs
E)lysosomes

Question 59

The _____ system of blood proteins acts to lyse foreign cells and viruses.

A)humoral immunity
B)cell-mediated
C)complement
D)lymphoid
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 60

Which of the following is not an event of phagocytosis?

A)diapedesis
B)chemotaxis
C)phagolysosome formation
D)destruction
E)ingestion

Question 61

Inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the immune system and are part of the body's third line of defense.

Question 62

JV asks you,as his bedside nurse,to explain to him why he keeps getting sick from the same bacteria.What is an appropriate response?

A)"Your lungs produce these organisms because your cilia are permanently damaged."
B)"Your mucus traps and harbors the microorganisms,and when they can't get cleared,they begin to breach your second and third lines of defense."
C)"Your disease stunts your immunity,so you can't actually fight those bacteria."
D)"You don't have second and third line defenses."

Question 63

If JV's cilia are unable to clear his lungs of mucus,what line of defense is being breached?

A)first line of defense
B)second line of defense
C)third line of defense
D)first and second lines of defense

Question 64

What will be the natural progression of healing for Mario,assuming that everything happens in its usual order?

A)edema/pus formation,vascular reactions,further edema,scar formation
B)injury,swelling,secondary injury,scar formation
C)injury,edema/pus formation,scar formation,exudative leaking
D)injury,vascular reactions,edema/pus formation,scar formation

Question 65

JV is very intelligent and realizes that he needs to be more diligent with his mucus clearing exercises.He asks you if it is okay if he only does his exercises when he is not feeling well,even though the doctor tells him he must do them every day.What is a correct response?

A)"It's okay to not do them if you're not feeling sick.Your body will protect itself."
B)"Your body doesn't have the ability to protect itself because of its damaged immunity.You must do your exercises regularly."
C)"As long as you do them twice as much when you start to feel sick,you'll make up the difference."
D)"Probably the doctor is overreacting.Do them half as much and you should be fine."

Question 66

Certain complement components stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis.

Question 67

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.

Question 68

Mario wants to know if there is any way he can reduce the edema,as he thinks there is no way it can be beneficial if it is so uncomfortable.What is not an appropriate response?

A)"The swelling helps trap foreign microbes from getting into your main circulation."
B)"The edema is a sign that your immune system is fighting the effects of your skin barrier being broken."
C)"The influx of fluid into the area is helping to dilute toxins."
D)"The edema is a result of your bones swelling from the influx of calcium-fighting toxins."

Question 69

Mario asks you why the laceration is puffy,and has become fairly itchy.What is an accurate response?

A)"This is a normal response to injury.Blood has rushed to the area,fluid is leaking from the damaged vessels,and chemical mediators called cytokines are causing you to itch."
B)"This is a normal response to the injury.Your body is building up pressure around the wound to stop the bleeding,and you're probably itchy because the wood had something on it that you are allergic to."
C)"This is not what I was expecting.I'll call the doctor now to lance the swollen flesh,and in the meantime,I'll apply calamine lotion to the wound."
D)"This is not what I was expecting.Edema and pruritus are early signs of gangrene.I'll have the doctor start you on antibiotics right away.Also,hold your hand above your heart to decrease blood flow to the area."

Question 70

Endotoxin is an exogenous pyrogen.

Question 71

The production of interferon will protect the host cell from a viral infection.

Question 72

At this phase of injury,how would you expect the area surrounding the injury to present?

A)cool and blue
B)pink,warm,and dry
C)red and hot
D)dusky,gray,and clammy

Question 73

During phagocytosis,intracellular digestion begins as soon as the phagosome is formed.

Question 74

Genetic differences among species and within a species can convey genetic immunity to certain diseases.

Question 75

Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranular leukocytes.

Question 76

Plasma is also called lymph.

Question 77

During inflammation,a high neutrophil count is a common sign of bacterial infection.

Question 78

JV asks you to explain what cilia are to him.All of the following are correct answers except

A)they form a microscopic brushlike lining.
B)they help move and expel foreign invaders.
C)they compose a sort of ciliary "escalator."
D)they are chemical-excreting fighter cells.

Question 79

Complement proteins are produced by the spleen.

Question 80

A low to moderate fever in an otherwise healthy person should be treated immediately with antipyretic drugs.