Deck 11: Interactions Between Microbes and Humans

Question 1

Endogenous infectious agents arise from microbes that are

A)in food.
B)the patient's own normal biota.
C)on fomites.
D)in the air.
E)transmitted from one person to another.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

All of the following genera are considered resident biota of skin sites except

A)Escherichia.
B)Staphylococcus.
C)Corynebacterium.
D)Micrococcus.
E)Candida.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The greatest number of pathogens enter the body through the

A)respiratory system.
B)gastrointestinal system.
C)urinary system.
D)genital system.
E)skin.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

An infectious agent that originates from outside the body is called

A)exogenous.
B)an exotoxin.
C)an enterotoxin.
D)endogenous.
E)axenic.

Question 5

The minimum amount of microbes in the inoculating dose is the

A)virulence factor.
B)indigenous biota.
C)infectious dose.
D)endotoxin.
E)minimal dose.

Question 6

Pathogenic microbes that cause disease in healthy people are called

A)opportunistic pathogens.
B)normal biota.
C)indigenous biota.
D)true pathogens.
E)micropathogens.

Question 7

Normal biota includes each of the following except

A)bacteria.
B)fungi.
C)protozoans.
D)viruses.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 8

TORCH is an acronym that represents the most common

A)genera of resident biota.
B)sexually transmitted diseases.
C)portals of entry.
D)vectors.
E)infections of the fetus and neonate.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a factor that weakens host defenses against infections?

A)genetic defects in immunity
B)physical and mental stress
C)strong,healthy body
D)chemotherapy
E)old age

Question 10

The effect of "good" microbes against invading microbes is called

A)microbial antagonism.
B)endogenous infection.
C)infectious disease.
D)axenic.
E)gnotobiotism.

Question 11

Which of the following is not a method of adhesion?

A)fimbriae
B)surface proteins
C)specialized receptors
D)adhesive slime or capsules
E)cilia

Question 12

Resident biota are found in/on the

A)skin.
B)mouth.
C)nasal passages.
D)large intestine.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

An infectious agent already existing on or in the body is called

A)exogenous.
B)an exotoxin.
C)an enterotoxin.
D)endogenous.
E)axenic.

Question 14

Once a microbe has entered a host,what process performed by certain white blood cells will attempt to destroy the microbes?

A)phagocytosis
B)adhesion
C)encapsulation
D)margination
E)exocytosis

Question 15

Each of the following bring about inoculation of normal biota to a newborn except

A)the birth process through the birth canal.
B)bottle feeding.
C)breast feeding.
D)contact with hospital staff.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 16

The term infection refers to

A)microorganisms colonizing the body.
B)contact with microorganisms.
C)contact with pathogens.
D)pathogens penetrating host defenses.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 17

The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal biota

A)before birth,in utero.
B)during and immediately after birth.
C)when a child first goes to school.
D)when an infant gets its first infectious disease.
E)during puberty.

Question 18

Infection occurs when

A)contaminants are present on the skin.
B)a person swallows microbes in/on food.
C)a person inhales microbes in the air.
D)pathogens enter and multiply in body tissues.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 19

Which is not terminology used for resident biota?

A)pathogenic biota
B)normal biota
C)indigenous biota
D)normal microbiota
E)commensals

Question 20

Opportunistic pathogens

A)cause disease in every individual.
B)cause disease in compromised individuals.
C)are always pathogens.
D)have well-developed virulence factors.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 21

An endotoxin is

A)secreted by pathogenic organisms.
B)indicative of gram-negative organisms.
C)indicative of gram-positive organisms.
D)indicative of fungal infections.
E)indicative of viral infections.

Question 22

Exotoxins are

A)proteins.
B)only released after a cell is damaged or lysed.
C)antiphagocytic factors.
D)secretions that always target nervous tissue.
E)lipopolysaccharides.

Question 23

_____ are various bacterial enzymes that dissolve fibrin clots.

A)Coagulases
B)Mucinases
C)Keratinases
D)Kinases
E)Hyaluronidases

Question 24

Hyaluronidase is a virulence factor in

A)amoebic dysentery.
B)ringworm.
C)clostridia.
D)cold virus.
E)diphtheria.

Question 25

Which of the following is the endotoxin?

A)hemolysin
B)hyaluronidase
C)toxinosis
D)collagenase
E)lipopolysaccharide

Question 26

Which of the following is not an anti-phagocytic factor?

A)secretion of slime
B)production of leukocidins
C)adhering to the host
D)secretion of a capsule
E)ability to survive intracellularly

Question 27

Virulence factors include all the following except

A)capsules.
B)ribosomes.
C)exoenzymes.
D)endotoxins.
E)exotoxins.

Question 28

Which is mismatched?

A)fimbriae - adherence to substrate
B)capsules - antiphagocytic factor
C)coagulase - dissolve fibrin clots
D)leukocidins - damage white blood cells
E)hemolysins - damage red blood cells

Question 29

Mucinase has the greatest effect on the

A)respiratory system.
B)gastrointestinal system.
C)urinary system.
D)genital system.
E)skin.

Question 30

The initial,brief period of early,general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is the

A)prodromal stage.
B)convalescent stage.
C)incubation period.
D)period of invasion.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 31

The subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient is termed a(n)

A)syndrome.
B)symptom.
C)sign.
D)pathology.
E)inflammation.

Question 32

Exotoxins

A)are secreted by pathogenic organisms.
B)are bound to the membrane of pathogenic organisms.
C)are bound to the cell wall of pathogenic organisms.
D)cause more damage than endotoxins.
E)are host specific.

Question 33

_____ are toxins that are the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

A)Exotoxins
B)Endotoxins
C)Enterotoxins
D)Leukocidins
E)Hemolysins

Question 34

Enterotoxins are

A)virulence factors.
B)toxins that target the intestines.
C)proteins.
D)exotoxins.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 35

The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the

A)prodromal stage.
B)convalescent stage.
C)incubation period.
D)period of invasion.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 36

Microbial hyaluronidase,coagulase,and streptokinase are examples of

A)adhesive factors.
B)exotoxins.
C)hemolysins.
D)antiphagocytic factors.
E)exoenzymes.

Question 37

Keritinase has the greatest effect on the

A)respiratory system.
B)gastrointestinal system.
C)urinary system.
D)genital system.
E)skin.

Question 38

Which is mismatched?

A)secondary infection - infection spreads to several tissue sites
B)mixed infection - several agents established at infection site
C)acute infection - rapid onset of severe,short-lived symptoms
D)local infection - pathogen remains at or near entry site
E)toxemia - pathogen's toxins carried by the blood to target tissues

Question 39

The time from when pathogen first enters the body and begins to multiply,until symptoms first appear is the

A)prodromal stage.
B)convalescent stage.
C)incubation period.
D)period of invasion.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 40

The suffix -emia means

A)blood.
B)a disease or morbid process.
C)an inflammation.
D)tumor.
E)pertaining to.

Question 41

A _____ is an infection indigenous to animals that can,on occasion,be transmitted to humans.

A)secondary infection
B)sequelae
C)nosocomial infection
D)zoonosis
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 42

All infectious diseases

A)are contagious.
B)only occur in humans.
C)are caused by microorganisms or their products.
D)are caused by vectors.
E)involve viruses as the pathogen.

Question 43

Which of the following is an example of sequelae?

A)headache from meningitis
B)difficulty swallowing from a Streptococcus infection
C)arthritis from Lyme disease
D)diarrhea from Salmonella enteritidis infection
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 44

A symptom is

A)an objective indication of disease.
B)a subjective indication of diesease.
C)measurable by health care personnel.
D)temperature.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 45

A _____ is the presence of small numbers of bacteria in the blood.

A)bacteremia
B)septicemia
C)viremia
D)None of the choices is correct.

Question 46

Someone who inconspicuously harbors a pathogen and spreads it to others is a

A)fomite.
B)carrier.
C)vector.
D)reservoir.
E)source.

Question 47

Leukopenia is the _____ in the level of white blood cells in a patient.

A)elevation
B)stabilization
C)decrease

Question 48

Animals that participate in the life cycles of pathogens and transmit pathogens from host to host are

A)fomites.
B)aerosols.
C)mechanical vectors.
D)droplet nuclei.
E)biological vectors.

Question 49

A sign is

A)an objective indication of disease.
B)a subjective indication of disease.
C)measurable by health care personnel.
D)temperature.
E)Both objective indication of disease and measurable by health care personnel are correct.

Question 50

______ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens a long time after they have recovered from an infectious disease.

A)Asymptomatic
B)Passive
C)Incubation
D)Chronic
E)Convalescent

Question 51

Local edema,swollen lymph nodes,fever,soreness,and abscesses are indications of

A)toxemia.
B)inflammation.
C)sequelae.
D)a syndrome.
E)latency.

Question 52

Which of the following is not a normal portal of exit for an infectious disease?

A)removal of blood
B)urogenital tract and feces
C)coughing and sneezing
D)skin
E)All of these are normal exit portals.

Question 53

An animal,such as an arthropod,that transmits a pathogen from one host to another is a

A)fomite.
B)carrier.
C)vector.
D)reservoir.
E)source.

Question 54

Diseases that cause long-term or permanent damage are called

A)latent.
B)sequelae.
C)direct.
D)indirect.
E)chronical.

Question 55

Reservoirs include

A)humans.
B)animals.
C)soil.
D)water.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 56

The intermediary object or individual from which the infectious agent is actually acquired is termed the

A)fomite.
B)carrier.
C)vector.
D)reservoir.
E)source.

Question 57

Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called

A)syndromes.
B)malaises.
C)inflammation.
D)asymptomatic.
E)secondary infections.

Question 58

The objective,measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a(n)

A)syndrome.
B)symptom.
C)sign.
D)pathology.
E)inflammation.

Question 59

_____ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens while they are recovering from an infectious disease.

A)Asymptomatic
B)Passive
C)Incubation
D)Chronic
E)Convalescent

Question 60

The primary,natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the

A)fomite.
B)carrier.
C)vector.
D)reservoir.
E)source.

Question 61

The dried residues of fine droplets from mucus or saliva that harbor and transmit pathogens are

A)fomites.
B)aerosols.
C)mechanical vectors.
D)droplet nuclei.
E)biological vectors.

Question 62

The virulence factors of a pathogen are established by how strong or weak a patient's body defenses are at the time of infection.

Question 63

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention assigns the most virulent microbes known to cause human disease to biosafety level 4.

Question 64

A laboratory technologist splashed a blood specimen onto his face,eyes,nose,and mouth while performing a test in the lab.This specimen was from an HIV-positive patient.If this blood exposure leads to HIV infection in the technologist,the transmission route is

A)direct.
B)fomite.
C)vehicle.
D)droplet nuclei.
E)aerosol.

Question 65

The number of new cases of a disease in a population over a specific period of time compared with the healthy population is the

A)mortality rate.
B)morbidity rate.
C)incidence rate.
D)prevalence rate.
E)epidemic rate.

Question 66

Nosocomial infections involve all the following except

A)are only transmitted by medical personnel.
B)often involve the patient's urinary tract and surgical incisions.
C)the patient's resident biota can be the infectious agent.
D)Escherichia coli and staphylococci are common infectious agents.
E)medical and surgical asepsis help lower their occurrence.

Question 67

A fetus can get an infection when a pathogen in the mother's blood is capable of crossing the placenta to the fetal circulation and tissues.

Question 68

Which of the following is not a universal precaution used for handling patients and body substances?

A)mask and gloves
B)proper disposal of needles
C)health care worker with active lesions handling patients
D)hand washing
E)sterilizing or disinfecting dental hand pieces

Question 69

When would Koch's postulates be utilized?

A)determination of the cause of a patient's illness in a hospital microbiology lab
B)development of a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab
C)determination of the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab
D)formulation of a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab
E)whenever the scientific method cannot be used to investigate a microbiological problem

Question 70

A disease that has a steady frequency over time in a particular geographic location is

A)epidemic.
B)endemic.
C)pandemic.
D)sporadic.
E)chronic.

Question 71

Most of the skin's resident biota are found in the uppermost,superficial layers of the epidermis.

Question 72

The principal government agency responsible for tracking infectious diseases in the United States is the

A)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
B)World Health Organization.
C)National Institutes of Health.
D)United States Department of Agriculture.
E)Infection Control Committee.

Question 73

The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the _____ rate.

A)morbidity
B)mortality
C)incidence
D)endemic
E)pandemic

Question 74

What is one goal of the Human Microbiota Project?

A)to sequence the DNA of all microorganisms
B)to study the prevalence of disease
C)to study microorganisms in their natural habitat
D)to provide comprehensive characterization of microbiota relating to human health and disease
E)to discover new organisms in extreme habitats

Question 75

The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the _____ rate.

A)morbidity
B)mortality
C)incidence
D)endemic
E)pandemic

Question 76

Which of the following is transmission of disease from mother to fetus?

A)vertical
B)direct
C)vector
D)droplets
E)fomites

Question 77

An inanimate object that harbors and transmits a pathogen is a

A)fomite.
B)carrier.
C)vector.
D)reservoir.
E)source.

Question 78

Under certain circumstances,a person's resident biota can be opportunistic pathogens.

Question 79

The study of the frequency and distribution of a disease in a defined population is

A)pathology.
B)clinical microbiology.
C)medicine.
D)immunology.
E)epidemiology.

Question 80

Which of the following is a direct contact method of microbe transmission?

A)fomites
B)water
C)droplet nuclei
D)aerosols
E)droplets