Deck 6: Microbial Nutrition and Growth

Question 1

The term autotroph refers to an organism that

A)uses CO₂ for its carbon source.
B)must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs.
C)gets energy from sunlight.
D)gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds.
E)does not need a carbon source.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Most of the dry weight of a microbial cell is from

A)inorganic compounds.
B)minerals.
C)water.
D)organic compounds.
E)salts.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The term obligate refers to

A)the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions.
B)existing in a very narrow niche.
C)using chemicals for energy production.
D)using light for energy production.
E)using oxygen for metabolism.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What compound has the highest concentration in a cell?

A)CO₂
B)CH₄
C)H₂O
D)glucose
E)NH₃

Question 5

An important mineral ion that is a component of chloroplasts and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is

A)iron.
B)zinc.
C)calcium.
D)magnesium.
E)potassium.

Question 6

Microorganisms require large quantities of this nutrient for use in cell structure and metabolism:

A)element.
B)macronutrient.
C)water.
D)growth factor.
E)trace element.

Question 7

An organism that uses CO₂ for its carbon needs would be called a(n)

A)heterotroph.
B)autotroph.
C)chemoheterotroph.
D)saprobe.
E)halotroph.

Question 8

Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called

A)saprobes.
B)parasites.
C)autotrophs.
D)lithoautotrophs.
E)phototrophs.

Question 9

The term photoautotroph refers to an organism that

A)is a decomposer.
B)must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs.
C)gets energy from sunlight.
D)gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds.
E)does not need a carbon source.

Question 10

The term chemoheterotroph refers to an organism that

A)uses CO₂ for its carbon source.
B)must obtain inorganic compounds for its energy source.
C)gets energy from sunlight.
D)gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds.
E)does not need a carbon source.

Question 11

The term photoheterotroph refers to an organism that

A)uses CO₂ for its carbon source.
B)utilizes inorganic compounds for its carbon needs.
C)gets energy from sunlight.
D)gets energy by metabolizing organic matter of dead organisms.
E)does not need a carbon source.

Question 12

The term facultative refers to

A)the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions.
B)existing in a very narrow niche.
C)using chemicals for energy production.
D)using light for energy production.
E)using oxygen for metabolism.

Question 13

Calcium is required for bacteria because it

A)stabilizes the cell wall.
B)stabilizes the ribosomes.
C)stabilizes the nucleoid.
D)maintains cellular pH.
E)makes strong bones.

Question 14

Archaea,as a group,are not pathogens.This is because

A)they evolved without mammals.
B)mammals evolved special defenses against them.
C)mammalian hosts do not meet their environmental requirements.
D)they are outcompeted by natural flora.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 15

Microorganisms require small quantities of this nutrient for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure:

A)element.
B)macronutrient.
C)water.
D)growth factors.
E)trace element.

Question 16

Aerobic respiration is an example of

A)photosynthesis.
B)methanoheterophy.
C)photoheterotrophy.
D)chemoheterotrophy.
E)photoautotrophy.

Question 17

Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host and cause some degree of harm.

A)mesophiles
B)thermophiles
C)commensals
D)parasites
E)halophiles

Question 18

Which of the following is not a major element of a microbial cell?

A)copper
B)carbon
C)hydrogen
D)nitrogen
E)oxygen

Question 19

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 20

An important mineral ion of the cytochrome pigments of cellular respiration is

A)iron.
B)zinc.
C)calcium.
D)magnesium.
E)potassium.

Question 21

When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell,this endocytosis is specifically termed

A)pinocytosis.
B)phagocytosis.
C)facilitated transport.
D)facilitated diffusion.
E)exocytosis.

Question 22

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated out on the incubator shelf,in an anaerobic jar,and in a candle jar.After incubation,there was moderate growth of cultures in the candle and anaerobic jars,but heavy growth of the culture on the incubator shelf.This species is a(n)

A)aerobe.
B)anaerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)capnophile.

Question 23

An organism that grows slowly in the cold but has an optimum growth temperature of 25 ^$\circ$ C is called a(n)

A)extremophile.
B)thermophile.
C)psychrophile.
D)psychrotroph.
E)thermoduric.

Question 24

In _____ conditions,the cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting.

A)hypertonic
B)hypotonic
C)isotonic
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 25

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes,

A)catalase and hydrogen peroxidases.
B)superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxidases.
C)superoxide dismutase and catalase.
D)catalase and oxidase.
E)superoxide dismutase and oxidase.

Question 26

All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable for growth except

A)psychrophiles.
B)anaerobes.
C)facultative anaerobes.
D)mesophiles
E)capnophiles.

Question 27

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator,out on a lab bench top,on the shelf of a 37 ^$\circ$ C incubator,and on the shelf of a 50 ^$\circ$ C incubator.After incubation,there was no growth at 37 ^$\circ$ C and 50 ^$\circ$ C,very slight growth out on the bench top,and abundant growth at refrigeration.What term could be used for this species?

A)halophile
B)mesophile
C)anaerobe
D)psychrophile
E)capnophile

Question 28

The use of energy by a cell to enclose a substance in its membrane by forming a vacuole and engulfing it is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 29

A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with

A)carbon dioxide.
B)oxygen.
C)high salt.
D)temperatures above 37 ^$\circ$ C.
E)high acidity.

Question 30

Human pathogens fall into the group

A)psychrophiles.
B)thermophiles.
C)halophiles.
D)mesophiles.
E)acidophiles.

Question 31

A microaerophile

A)grows best in an anaerobic jar.
B)grows with or without oxygen.
C)needs normal atmospheric levels of oxygen.
D)requires a small amount of oxygen but won't grow at normal atmospheric levels.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 32

An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is a(n)

A)aerobe.
B)obligate aerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)obligate anaerobe.

Question 33

Nutrient absorption is mediated by the

A)cell wall.
B)peptidoglycan layer.
C)proteins in the periplasmic space.
D)cell membrane.
E)nuclear membrane.

Question 34

Which of the following require the cell to use ATP?

A)facilitated diffusion
B)diffusion
C)endocytosis
D)osmosis
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 35

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 36

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45 ^$\circ$ C to 60 ^$\circ$ C would be called a(n)

A)extremophile.
B)thermophile.
C)psychrophile.
D)psychrotroph.
E)thermoduric.

Question 37

Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are moved to salty seawater would

A)be in a hypotonic solution.
B)gain water.
C)be in an isotonic solution.
D)shrivel.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 38

Facilitated diffusion is limited by

A)substrate concentration.
B)carrier proteins in the membrane.
C)size of the pores in the membrane.
D)osmotic pressure.
E)the size of the cell.

Question 39

The movement of substances from higher to lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier but no energy expenditure is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 40

The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier and cell expenditure of energy is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 41

Whether an organism is a phototroph or a chemotroph depends on its source of energy.

Question 42

Most microorganisms on earth can only live and survive in habitats that are similar to human body conditions.

Question 43

A barophile would grow best in

A)acid pools.
B)the deep oceans.
C)hot geyser springs.
D)arid,desert soil.
E)salt lakes.

Question 44

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment,metabolizing but not growing,is the

A)lag phase.
B)log phase.
C)stationary phase.
D)death phase.
E)prophase.

Question 45

The production of antibodies is a form of antagonism called

A)symbiosis.
B)satellitism.
C)antibiosis.
D)mutualism.
E)synergism.

Question 46

An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a(n)

A)aerobe.
B)obligate aerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)obligate anaerobe.

Question 47

Obligate saprobes can adapt to a living host.

Question 48

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the

A)lag phase.
B)log phase.
C)stationary phase.
D)death phase.
E)telophase.

Question 49

An organism that can exist in both oxygen and oxygenless environments is a(n)

A)aerobe.
B)obligate aerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)obligate anaerobe.

Question 50

What type of media is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes?

A)blood agar
B)thioglycollate
C)sulfite polymyxin sulfadiazine
D)sodium chloride
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 51

A halophile would grow best in

A)acid pools.
B)freshwater ponds.
C)hot geyser springs.
D)arid,desert soil.
E)salt lakes.

Question 52

When it is important to count the number of cells,determine cell size,and differentiate between dead and live cells,a ___ is used.

A)Coulter counter
B)flow cytometer
C)SEM
D)methylene dye indicator

Question 53

The phase of the bacterial growth curve that shows the maximum rate of cell division is the

A)lag phase.
B)exponential (log)phase.
C)stationary phase.
D)death phase.
E)prophase.

Question 54

When microbes are in a close nutritional relationship,and one benefits but the other is not harmed,it is called

A)symbiosis.
B)satellitism.
C)commensalism.
D)mutualism.
E)synergism.

Question 55

Whether an organism is an autotroph or heterotroph depends on its source of nitrogen.

Question 56

An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is a(n)

A)aerobe.
B)obligate aerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)obligate anaerobe.

Question 57

The time interval from parent cell to two new daughter cells is called the

A)binary fission.
B)growth curve.
C)generation time.
D)death phase.
E)culture time.

Question 58

When microbes live independently but cooperate and share nutrients,it is called

A)symbiosis.
B)satellitism.
C)antibiosis.
D)mutualism.
E)synergism.

Question 59

Phosphorus is one of the major elements needed in larger quantities by microorganisms.

Question 60

In the viable plate count method,a measured sample of a culture is evenly spread across an agar surface and incubated.Each _____ represents one _____ from the sample.

A)cell,cell
B)cell,colony
C)colony,cell
D)species,colony
E)generation,cell

Question 61

In a commensal relationship,the commensal benefits but the cohabitant is neither harmed nor benefited.

Question 62

After binary fission,daughter cells will differ genetically.

Question 63

You administer the osmotic diuretic as ordered.Which of the following responses by the patient would indicate the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug?

A)no response to painful stimuli
B)minimal response to painful stimuli
C)withdrawal to painful stimuli
D)spontaneous movement

Question 64

Bacterial biofilms stimulate the immune system differently than free (planktonic)bacteria.

Question 65

A closed culture system is used to determine a population growth curve.

Question 66

Lithoautotrophs use inorganic nutrients for carbon and energy sources.

Question 67

The degree of turbidity in a culture correlates to the amount of cell growth.

Question 68

The direct cell count,using a cytometer,can calculate viable cell numbers from a sample.

Question 69

The time that it takes for a freshly inoculated agar culture to develop visible colonies is principally governed by the generation time of the inoculated species.

Question 70

You are preparing to administer hypertonic saline.Which of the following solutions would you expect the physician to order to produce the desired physiological effect in the patient?

A)0.45% sodium chloride
B)0.9% sodium chloride
C)0.9% sodium chloride with dextrose
D)3% sodium chloride

Question 71

Anaerobes can be cultured in a CO₂ environment.

Question 72

Because a hypertonic environment forces water to move out of a cell,it is said to have high osmotic

A)pressure.
B)diffusion.
C)tension.
D)leverage.

Question 73

Bacteria have an average generation time of 24 hours.

Question 74

Facilitated diffusion and active transport require a carrier protein to mediate the movement across the plasma membrane.

Question 75

The majority of microbes live and grow in habitats between pH 7 and 9.

Question 76

The physician orders administration of an intravenous osmotic diuretic as the patient is en route to surgery.As the RN,you are familiar with the action of the drug,which increases the osmolarity of the blood.Which of the following do you anticipate as the therapeutic response to the administration of this medication?

A)decreased extravascular volume and increased intravascular volume
B)decreased extravascular volume and decreased intravascular volume
C)increased extravascular volume and increased intravascular volume
D)increased extravascular volume and decreased intravascular volume

Question 77

Following the patient's surgical procedure,he is admitted to the neurological intensive care unit.Interventions are implemented to decrease intracranial pressure,including the administration of intravenous hypertonic saline.Which of the following do you anticipate as the therapeutic response to the administration of this medication?

A)decreased extravascular volume and increased intravascular volume
B)decreased extravascular volume and decreased intravascular volume
C)increased extravascular volume and increased intravascular volume
D)increased extravascular volume and decreased intravascular volume

Question 78

Binary fission results in four daughter cells from one parent cell.

Question 79

A Coulter counter can count viable cells as well as determine the size.

Question 80

Saprobes do not need a carbon source for growth and metabolism.