Deck 3: Bacteria and Archaea

Question 1

During the Gram stain,_____ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied.

A)gram-positive
B)gram-negative
C)both gram positive and negative

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Movement of a cell toward a chemical stimulus is termed

A)positive phototaxis.
B)negative phototaxis.
C)positive chemotaxis.
D)negative chemotaxis.
E)a tumble.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The short,numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called

A)flagella.
B)cilia.
C)fimbriae.
D)periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).
E)sex pili.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The term that refers to flagella at both poles is

A)amphitrichous.
B)atrichous.
C)lophotrichous.
D)monotrichous.
E)peritrichous.

Question 5

A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has

A)fimbriae.
B)a capsule.
C)thylakoids.
D)flagella.
E)metachromatic granules.

Question 6

The bacterial flagellum has three parts in the order from cytoplasm to external environment:

A)filament,hook,basal body
B)filament,basal body,hook
C)basal body,hook,filament
D)hook,basal body,filament
E)basal body,filament,hook

Question 7

If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment,the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is the

A)endospore.
B)cell wall.
C)cell membrane.
D)capsule.
E)slime layer.

Question 8

The two functions of bacterial appendages are

A)attachment and protection.
B)attachment and motility.
C)motility and slime production.
D)energy reactions and synthesis.
E)protection and motility.

Question 9

Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacteria?

A)Its DNA is not encased in a membrane.
B)It has a cell wall made of peptidoglycans or other distinct chemicals.
C)It does not have membrane-bound organelles.
D)Its DNA is wrapped around histones.
E)All of these are characteristics of bacteria.

Question 10

Chemotaxis refers to the ability to

A)move in response to light.
B)move in response to a chemical.
C)not move in response to a chemical.
D)transport desired molecules into cells.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 11

The cell _____ can be composed of three layers: the cytoplasmic membrane,the cell wall,and the outer membrane.

A)glycocalyx
B)envelope
C)pathogenic package
D)slime coat
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 12

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid,tubular appendages called

A)flagella.
B)cilia.
C)fimbriae.
D)periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).
E)sex pili.

Question 13

The term that refers to the presence of flagella over the cell surface is

A)amphitrichous.
B)atrichous.
C)lophotrichous.
D)monotrichous.
E)peritrichous.

Question 14

The term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from the same site is

A)amphitrichous.
B)atrichous.
C)lophotrichous.
D)monotrichous.
E)peritrichous.

Question 15

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell's

A)ribosomes.
B)inclusions.
C)wall.
D)membrane.
E)flagella.

Question 16

Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized by white blood cells?

A)slime layer
B)fimbriae
C)cell membrane
D)capsule
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called

A)flagella.
B)cilia.
C)fimbriae.
D)periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).
E)sex pili.

Question 18

A flagellum is anchored into the bacterial cell envelope by its

A)hook.
B)outer membrane.
C)filament.
D)sheath.
E)basal body.

Question 19

Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except

A)flagella.
B)cilia.
C)fimbriae.
D)periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).
E)sex pili.

Question 20

Which order below reflects the correct procedure for Gram staining?

A)alcohol/acetone-crystal violet-safranin-iodine
B)crystal violet-alcohol/acetone-iodine-safranin
C)crystal violet-iodine-alcohol/acetone-safranin
D)iodine-safranin-crystal violet-alcohol/acetone
E)alcohol/acetone-safranin-crystal violet-iodine

Question 21

Which of the following is mismatched?

A)ribosomes - protein synthesis
B)inclusions - excess cell nutrients and materials
C)plasmids - genes essential for growth and metabolism
D)nucleoid - hereditary material
E)cytoplasm - dense,gelatinous solution

Question 22

The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall structure is

A)more peptidoglycan.
B)predominance of unique,waxy lipids.
C)easily decolorized.
D)presence of lipopolysaccharide.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 23

Which of the following is not true of the outer membrane?

A)The uppermost layer is made of lipopolysaccharides.
B)The innermost layer is a phospholipid bilayer.
C)The porin proteins create channels through the outer membrane.
D)Gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane.
E)The lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide layer is an endotoxin.

Question 24

Plasmids

A)are found in all bacteria.
B)are essential for growth and metabolism.
C)cannot be passed between organisms.
D)cannot be passed on to progeny.
E)are often the site of pathogenic genes.

Question 25

A bacterial cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is

A)gram negative.
B)gram positive.
C)found in archaea.
D)a spheroplast.
E)acid fast.

Question 26

The chemical components of ribosomes are proteins and

A)mRNA.
B)tRNA.
C)rRNA.
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 27

Lysozyme is most effective against

A)gram-negative organisms.
B)gram-positive organisms.
C)mycoplasmas.
D)cyanobacteria.
E)archea.

Question 28

Chemical analysis of a bacterial cell structure detects calcium and dipicolinic acid.What is the identity of this structure?

A)cell wall
B)capsule
C)slime layer
D)nucleoid
E)endospore

Question 29

All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease except the

A)inclusions.
B)fimbriae.
C)capsule.
D)slime layer.
E)outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

Question 30

Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial

A)cell walls.
B)cell membranes.
C)capsules.
D)slime layers.
E)inclusions.

Question 31

The enzyme _____,found in tears and saliva,can hydrolyze the bonds in the glycan chains of certain bacterial cell walls.

A)penicillinase
B)lysozyme
C)peptidase
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 32

A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is

A)Mycobacterium.
B)Mycoplasma.
C)Streptococcus.
D)Corynebacterium.
E)Salmonella.

Question 33

The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be

A)material would not be able to cross the cell membrane.
B)protein synthesis would stop.
C)destruction of the cell's DNA.
D)formation of glycogen inclusions.
E)loss of capsule.

Question 34

The function of bacterial endospores is

A)to convert gaseous nitrogen to a usable form for plants.
B)reproduction and growth.
C)protection of genetic material during harsh conditions.
D)storage of excess cell materials.
E)to act as sites for photosynthesis.

Question 35

The site(s)for most ATP synthesis in bacterial cells is(are)the

A)ribosomes.
B)mitochondria.
C)cell wall.
D)inclusions.
E)cell membrane.

Question 36

The _____ stain is used to stain and differentiate Mycobacterium and Nocardia from other bacteria.

A)acid-fast
B)methylene blue
C)Gram
D)negative
E)basic

Question 37

Which of the following does not pertain to endotoxin?

A)is a specific cell wall lipid
B)can stimulate fever in the human body
C)can cause septic shock in the human body
D)is involved in typhoid fever and some meningitis cases
E)is found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls

Question 38

Gram-negative bacteria

A)are more susceptible to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan than gram-positive organisms.
B)are less susceptible to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan than gram-positive organisms.
C)stain purple in the Gram stain.
D)encompass all pathogens.
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 39

All bacterial cells have

A)one or more chromosomes.
B)one or more fimbriae.
C)the ability to produce endospores.
D)capsules.
E)flagella.

Question 40

The bacterial chromosome

A)is located in the cell membrane.
B)contains all the cell's plasmids.
C)is part of the nucleoid.
D)forms a single linear strand of DNA.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 41

Flagella move in a whiplike motion.

Question 42

Cellular organisms without a true nucleus include bacteria and viruses.

Question 43

Which of the following is mismatched?

A)Gracilicutes - gram-negative cell walls
B)Firmicutes - gram-positive cell walls
C)Tenericutes - waxy acid-fast cell walls
D)Mendosicutes - archaea cell walls
E)None of the choices is correct.

Question 44

Which of the following is not a division of bacteria and archaea according to Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology?

A)Gracilicutes
B)Scotobacteria
C)Firmicutes
D)Tenericutes
E)Mendosicutes

Question 45

Two major structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces are ___ and ___.

A)pili,ribosomes
B)fimbrae,capsules
C)lipopolysaccharides,techoic acids
D)actin filaments,phospholipid membrane(s)
E)actin filaments,ribosomes

Question 46

Bacterial endospores are not produced by

A)Staphylococcus.
B)Sporosarcina.
C)Bacillus.
D)Clostridium.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 47

Archaea do not have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls.

Question 48

Halobacterium salinarium lives in and requires salt.This is an example of an archaeabacterium described as a(n)__.

A)osmophile
B)halophile
C)thermophile
D)psychrophile
E)methanogen

Question 49

Which of the following is mismatched?

A)methanogens - convert CO₂ and H₂ gases into methane
B)extreme halophiles - adapted to salty habitats
C)psychrophiles - adapted to very low temperatures
D)hyperthermophiles - adapted to high temperatures
E)thermoplasmas - adapted to frozen environments

Question 50

If you looked at a _________ under the microscope,you would likely see an irregular cluster of spherical cells.

A)palisade
B)sarcina
C)staphylococcus
D)streptococcus
E)diplococcus

Question 51

Endospores are

A)metabolically inactive.
B)resistant to heat and chemical destruction.
C)resistant to destruction by radiation.
D)living structures.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 52

A client has a serious case of the flu.A random sample of sputum was taken from the patient coughing up blood.The lab tech said they had isolated a bacterium that did not have any peptidoglycan.You hypothesize that the identity of this microbe could possibly be

A)Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
B)Borrelia burghdorferi.
C)Streptococcus pneumoniae.
D)Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
E)Staphylococcus aureus.

Question 53

Spirochetes are able to move due to

A)a periplasmic flagellum.
B)a membrane-bound flagellum.
C)cilia serving as walking feet.
D)pseudopods.
E)fimbriae.

Question 54

Which term is not used to describe bacterial cell shapes?

A)coccus
B)tetrad
C)vibrio
D)rod
E)spirochete

Question 55

Pili used for conjugation are only found on gram-negative bacteria.

Question 56

_____ Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is a manual of bacterial descriptions and classifications.

A)Pasteur's
B)Lister's
C)Bergey's
D)Leeuwenhoek's
E)Koch's

Question 57

A chain of rod-shaped cells would be called a(an)

A)streptobacillus.
B)staphylobacillus.
C)streptococcus.
D)staphylococcus.
E)palisades.

Question 58

Which of the following is not a phenotypic trait of bacteria?

A)rRNA sequencing
B)shape
C)growth pattern in a culture medium
D)biochemical reaction
E)All of these are phenotypic traits.

Question 59

Cells form a _____ arrangement when cells in a chain snap back upon each other forming a row of cells oriented side by side.

A)tetrad
B)strep
C)staph
D)sarcina
E)palisade

Question 60

Which of the following species of bacteria is not closely related to the others?

A)Staphylococcus aureus
B)Staphylococcus epidermidis
C)Staphylococcus saprophyticus
D)Escherichia coli
E)Staphylococcus capitis

Question 61

Boiling water (100 ^$\circ$ C)can normally destroy endospores.

Question 62

The specimens are Gram-stained and analyzed microscopically.The laboratory technician observes spherical purple-colored cells arranged in short chains.Based upon this evidence,which of the following microbes is most likely the pathogen affecting the patient?

A)Bacillus cereus
B)Vibrio cholerae
C)Staphylococcus aureus
D)Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 63

The slime layer provides bacteria greater pathogenicity as compared to the capsule.

Question 64

The term diplococcus refers to an irregular cluster of spherical bacterial cells.

Question 65

Bacteria in the genus Mycoplasma and bacteria called L-forms lack cell walls.

Question 66

Both gram-positive and gram-negative cells have outer membranes.

Question 67

If you observe rod-shaped,pink cells on a slide that had just been Gram-stained,you can assume that their cell walls contain endotoxin.

Question 68

You head back to the patient's room to inform the family of the child's condition.In educating the parents about the pathogen,which of the following statements would you use to correctly describe the medical importance of a bacterial capsule?

A)A capsule is less dense and thick,and bound more loosely to a cell than a slime layer.
B)A capsule allows for the production of dry,wrinkly colonies when encapsulated bacteria are grown on solid agar.
C)A capsule decreases a bacterium's pathogenicity.
D)A capsule can protect a bacterium from the phagocytic activities of white blood cells,enhancing its ability to cause disease.

Question 69

Further microscopic analysis of negatively stained specimens reveals a clearing around each of the spherical cells against a dark background.This clearing indicates that the pathogen possesses which structure(s)?

A)endospores
B)a capsule
C)a nucleoid
D)pili

Question 70

The cell envelope of gram-positive bacteria has two layers: a thick cell wall and the cell membrane.

Question 71

Gram-negative bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

Question 72

Endospores of certain bacterial species can enter tissues in the human body,germinate,and cause an infectious disease.

Question 73

Each bacterial species represents a distinct organism that can produce viable offspring when mating with other bacteria of its kind.

Question 74

Some bacteria have a cytoskeleton of protein polymers to help maintain their shape.

Question 75

Alcohol-based compounds can weaken the outer membrane.

Question 76

If during the Gram stain procedure,the bacterial cells were viewed immediately after crystal violet was applied,gram-positive cells would be purple but gram-negative cells would be colorless.

Question 77

The cell envelope or its parts can interact with human tissue and cause disease.

Question 78

Iodine is the decolorizer in the Gram stain.

Question 79

Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of

A)gram-negative bacteria.
B)gram-positive bacteria.
C)acid-fast bacteria.
D)mycoplasmas.
E)protoplasts.

Question 80

The bacterial cell membrane is a site for many enzymes and metabolic reactions.