Deck 14: Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defenses

Question 1

Which white blood cells comprise 3-7% of circulating WBCs,are phagocytic,and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages?

A)basophils
B)eosinophils
C)neutrophils
D)monocytes
E)lymphocytes

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it

A)is toxic to pathogens.
B)creates a physical barrier against pathogens.
C)destroys pathogens.
D)physically restricts pathogens to a specific region.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

All of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except

A)unbroken skin.
B)mucous.
C)hairs.
D)tears.
E)T cells.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the

A)skin.
B)respiratory tract.
C)digestive tract.
D)urinary tract.
E)eyes.

Question 5

Lysozyme is found in

A)tears.
B)salivary secretions.
C)sweat from sweat glands.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 6

Plasma

A)is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended.
B)is mostly water.
C)contains albumin and globulins.
D)contains fibrinogen.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 7

The term _____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

A)antibody
B)allergen
C)antigen
D)foreign body

Question 8

The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation,contain peroxidase and lysozyme,and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are

A)basophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)neutrophils.
D)monocytes.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 9

Which of the following is incorrect about blood cells?

A)after birth,produced in red bone marrow sites
B)develop from undifferentiated stem cells
C)include glial cells
D)include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes
E)include erythrocytes that,when mature,lose their nuclei

Question 10

Nonspecific chemical defenses include

A)lysozyme.
B)lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat.
C)the skin's acidic pH and fatty acids.
D)stomach hydrochloric acid.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 11

Immune system cells differentiate between self and foreign cells by their

A)cell walls.
B)shapes.
C)markers.
D)sizes.
E)cell processes.

Question 12

This body region is protected by fatty acids,acidic pH,lactic acid,and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota:

A)skin
B)respiratory tract
C)digestive tract
D)urinary tract
E)eyes

Question 13

The main function of the mononuclear phagocyte system is to provide

A)surveillance cells.
B)a connection between tissues and organs.
C)filtration of extracellular fluid.
D)filtration of blood.

Question 14

Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's specific immune system?

A)basophils
B)eosinophils
C)neutrophils
D)monocytes
E)lymphocytes

Question 15

The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation and allergic reactions are

A)basophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)neutrophils.
D)monocytes.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 16

A properly functioning immune system is responsible for

A)surveillance of the body.
B)recognition of foreign material.
C)destruction of foreign material.
D)Both recognition of foreign material and destruction of foreign material are correct.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 17

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is

A)lactic acid.
B)hydrochloric acid.
C)lysozyme.
D)histamine.
E)bile.

Question 18

Components of the first line of defense include all of the following except

A)the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin.
B)nasal hairs.
C)the flushing action of tears and blinking.
D)the flushing action of urine.
E)phagocytic white blood cells.

Question 19

Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?

A)blood stream
B)extracellular fluid
C)lymphatic system
D)intracellular fluid

Question 20

The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are

A)basophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)neutrophils.
D)monocytes.
E)lymphocytes.

Question 21

Plasma cells

A)function in cell-mediated immunity.
B)are derived from T lymphocytes.
C)function in blood clotting.
D)produce and secrete antibodies.

Question 22

A type of monocyte that has long,thin processes to trap pathogens is a

A)dendritic cell.
B)eosinophil.
C)macrophage.
D)platelet.
E)mast cell.

Question 23

The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as

A)lymph nodes.
B)thymus.
C)spleen.
D)GALT
E)tonsils.

Question 24

Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T lymphocytes?

A)lymph nodes
B)thymus
C)spleen
D)GALT
E)tonsils

Question 25

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit,groin,and neck?

A)lymph nodes
B)thymus
C)spleen
D)GALT
E)tonsils

Question 26

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all of the following except

A)redness.
B)warmth.
C)swelling.
D)pain.
E)chills.

Question 27

The granules of basophils contain

A)antibodies.
B)antigens.
C)digestive enzymes.
D)histamine.
E)lysozyme.

Question 28

Place the following in order of greatest to least phagocytic activity: neutrophils,eosinophils,macrophages

A)neutrophils,eosinophils,macrophages
B)neutrophils,macrophages,eosinophils
C)eosinophils,macrophages,neutrophils
D)macrophages,neutrophils,eosinophils
E)macrophages,eosinophils,neutrophils

Question 29

The granules of eosinophils contain

A)antibodies.
B)antigens.
C)serotonin.
D)histamine.
E)peroxidase.

Question 30

The granules of neutrophils contain

A)antibodies.
B)antigens.
C)digestive enzymes.
D)histamine.
E)peroxidase.

Question 31

When monocytes migrate from the blood,out to the tissues,they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into

A)primary phagocytes.
B)neutrophils.
C)killer T cells.
D)cytotoxic T cells.
E)macrophages.

Question 32

All of the following pertain to platelets except that they

A)contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
B)function primarily in hemostasis.
C)originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes.
D)function in blood clotting and inflammation.
E)are not whole cells but are pieces of cells.

Question 33

Hematopoiesis is the

A)loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
B)production of only red blood cells.
C)production of white blood cells,red blood cells,and platelets.
D)plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
E)migration of white blood cells from the blood,out to the tissues.

Question 34

Diapedesis is the

A)loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
B)production of only red blood cells.
C)production of white blood cells,red blood cells,and platelets.
D)plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
E)migration of white blood cells from the blood,out to the tissues.

Question 35

Which type of white blood cell is particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?

A)monocytes
B)eosinophils
C)basophils
D)neutrophils
E)lymphocytes

Question 36

All of the following are granulocytes except

A)neutrophils.
B)eosinophils.
C)lymphocytes.
D)basophils.
E)All of the choices are granulocytes.

Question 37

_____ function in humoral immunity,while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.

A)B cells;T cells
B)T cells;B cells
C)Monocytes;basophils
D)Basophils;T cells
E)B cells;neutrophils

Question 38

Neutrophils,eosinophils,and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that,in a stained blood smear,appear with identifying,characteristic colors.

A)leukocytes
B)granulocytes
C)agranulocytes
D)monocytes

Question 39

All of the following are events of early inflammation except

A)macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis.
B)chemical mediators and cytokines are released.
C)brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation.
D)exudate and pus can accumulate.
E)capillaries become more permeable,resulting in edema.

Question 40

Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?

A)lymph nodes
B)thymus
C)spleen
D)GALT
E)tonsils

Question 41

Which of the following is mismatched in relation to inflammation?

A)rubor - redness
B)calor - warmth
C)tumor - cancer
D)dolar - pain

Question 42

Which of the following is incorrect about complement?

A)composed of at least 20 blood proteins
B)only appears in the blood during a response to a pathogen
C)acts in a cascade reaction
D)involves a classical pathway
E)involves an alternate pathway

Question 43

Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?

A)start tissue repair
B)destroy microbes
C)mobilize and attract immune components to injury site
D)block further invasion
E)cause a fever

Question 44

Each of the following is a term reflecting a process involved in the migration of white blood cells except

A)chemotaxis.
B)diapedesis.
C)motility.
D)vasodilation.
E)phagocytosis.

Question 45

The leakage of vascular fluid into tissues is called

A)chemotaxis.
B)edema.
C)diapedesis.
D)vasoactivity.
E)pus.

Question 46

All of the following pertain to interferon except

A)is a protein.
B)is produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells.
C)includes alpha,beta,and gamma types.
D)inhibits viruses,tumors,and cancer gene expression.
E)increases capillary permeability and vasodilation.

Question 47

A person will typically experience the sensation of _____ when fever is starting to occur in the body.

A)heat
B)pain
C)chill
D)sweat

Question 48

Which of the following is mismatched?

A)interferon alpha and beta - inhibit viral replication
B)interleukin-2 - stimulates T-cell mitosis and B-cell antibody production
C)serotonin - causes smooth muscle contraction
D)prostaglandins - activate eosinophils and B cells
E)tumor necrosis factor - increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis

Question 49

What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances?

A)MALTs
B)RES
C)PAMPs
D)BALTs
E)IFNs

Question 50

The _____ system of blood proteins act to lyse foreign cells and viruses.

A)humoral immunity
B)cell-mediated
C)complement
D)lymphoid

Question 51

Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign substances?

A)hydrogen peroxide
B)nitric oxide
C)lactic acid
D)superoxide anion
E)All of these are used.

Question 52

Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?

A)Inflammation can last hours to years.
B)Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
C)Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
D)Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
E)Basophils and mast cells release histamine.

Question 53

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are

A)complement.
B)interferons.
C)leukotrines.
D)pyrogens.
E)lysozymes.

Question 54

Histamine,serotonin,and bradykinin are all

A)vasoactive mediators.
B)mediators of B-cell activity.
C)mediators of T-cell activity.
D)mediators that increase chemotaxis.
E)fever inducers.

Question 55

Each of the following are benefits of fever except it

A)reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply.
B)increases the availability of iron.
C)increases phagocytosis.
D)increases metabolism.
E)stimulates hematopoiesis.

Question 56

The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves

A)initiation of the cascade.
B)production of inflammatory cytokines.
C)a ring-shaped protein digesting holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes.
D)cleaving of C3 to yield C3a and C3b.
E)C1q binding to surface receptors on a membrane.

Question 57

Which of the following is not an event of phagocytosis?

A)diapedesis
B)chemotaxis
C)phagolysosome formation
D)destruction
E)ingestion

Question 58

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced in order to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

A)inflammation
B)phagocytosis
C)interferon production
D)complement production
E)lysozyme production

Question 59

Which of the following is not a type of phagocyte?

A)neutrophils
B)macrophages
C)Kupffer cells
D)monocytes
E)lymphocytes

Question 60

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammatory process?

A)formation of pus and edema
B)scar formation and/or resolution
C)vascular reactions
D)injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators
E)activation of complement

Question 61

Endotoxin is an exogenous pyrogen.

Question 62

Plasma is also called lymph.

Question 63

The production of interferon will protect the host cell from a viral infection.

Question 64

Inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the immune system and are part of the body's third line of defense.

Question 65

You have severe itching problems when bitten by an insect.Your friend gives you an ointment to spread on your skin around the bite so that the redness and itching do not bother you.The likely mechanism of this medication would be:

A)destruction of phagocytic cells.
B)inactivation of neutrophils.
C)inhibition of lysozyme.
D)antagonist of histamine.

Question 66

A patient visits your clinic often with recurrent respiratory infections.Based upon their medical history,it appears they have been an active smoker for over 40 years.Select the statement that most accurately reflects how this information may reveal why the patient is highly susceptible to respiratory pathogens:

A)smoking decreases the formation and effectiveness of complement proteins.
B)smoking can paralyze the ciliary escalator.
C)smoking decreases the activity of neutrophils.
D)smoking directly inhibits B- and T-cell action.

Question 67

Your sister has just been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosis,or lupus,which is an autoimmune disease.This means:

A)her immune system has rejected some of her tissues and organs.
B)her immune system has developed an allergic reaction to some of her tissues.
C)her immune system is correctly distinguishing between self markers and nonself markers.
D)she has an excess of phagocytic cells.

Question 68

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has chemicals in its cell wall that inhibit the fusion of phagocytic vacuoles with lysosomes.Which statement is then true?

A)Complement proteins will take over to destroy the bacteria.
B)The bacterium can produce chemicals which can destroy the macrophage housing the bacterium.
C)The bacterium can survive and replicate inside of the phagocytic cell.
D)Antibodies produced by the cells can more effectively kill the bacteria.

Question 69

Your 81 year old grandfather has been diagnosed with cancer of the thymus.The doctor is urging surgical removal of the cancer,but you and the family are worried about the consequences of removing an entire organ such as the thymus.Which statement is correct?

A)Your grandfather would not be able to produce complement proteins necessary for pathogen control and inflammation.
B)Your grandfather will have a loss of T lymphocytes,and will have an immune deficiency.
C)Your grandfather would not have sufficient phagocytic cells and would not be able to contain bacterial infections.
D)There is nothing to worry about: the thymus will not affect your grandfather's immune status at his age.

Question 70

Complement proteins are produced by the spleen.

Question 71

Genetic differences among species and within a species can convey genetic immunity to certain diseases.

Question 72

Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranular leukocytes.

Question 73

After loading wood into a fireplace,you realize you have gotten a splinter in your finger.Within a short period of time,your finger is painful,red,and swollen,and is warm to the touch.This is an example of

A)nonspecific resistance
B)specific resistance
C)acquired immunity
D)adaptive immunity

Question 74

During phagocytosis,intracellular digestion begins as soon as the phagosome is formed.

Question 75

Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell,in order to communicate with other cells that need to produce antiviral proteins?

A)complement
B)albumin
C)interferon
D)histamine
E)lysozyme

Question 76

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.

Question 77

Your little girl has a hereditary deficiency of C1.What problems would she be likely to have?

A)The B and T lymphocytes would not function properly.
B)Bone marrow could not produce white blood cells well.
C)She would have a greater number of bacterial and viral infections.
D)The phagocytic cells could not recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)on the pathogens.

Question 78

A low to moderate fever in an otherwise healthy person should be treated immediately with antipyretic drugs.

Question 79

Certain complement components stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis.

Question 80

During inflammation,a high neutrophil count is a common sign of bacterial infection.