Deck 12: Drugs, Microbes, host-The Elements of Chemotherapy

Question 1

The use of any chemical in the treatment,relief,or prophylaxis of a disease is called

A)prophylaxis.
B)chemotherapy.
C)selective toxicity.
D)nephrotoxicity.
E)synergism.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Each of the following target prokaryotic ribosomes except

A)streptomycin.
B)gentamycin.
C)polymyxins.
D)tetracycline.
E)erythromycin.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Sulfonamides are analogs of PABA and,as a result,they inhibit _____ synthesis.

A)protein
B)DNA
C)RNA
D)folic acid
E)phospholipid

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include

A)low toxicity for human tissues.
B)high toxicity against microbial cells.
C)do not cause serious side effects in humans.
D)stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 5

Which of the following microbials does not inhibit DNA synthesis?

A)chloroquine
B)quinolone
C)penicillin
D)azidothymidine
E)acyclovir

Question 6

Penicillins and cephalosporins

A)interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.
B)are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.
C)attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
D)damage cell membranes.
E)block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Question 7

Aminoglycosides

A)interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.
B)are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.
C)attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
D)damage cell membranes.
E)block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Question 8

Drugs that act by mimicking the normal substrate of an enzyme,thereby blocking its active site,are called

A)inhibitors.
B)blockers.
C)competitive inhibitors.
D)noncompetitive inhibitors

Question 9

Ampicillin,amoxicillin,mezlocillin,and penicillin G all have

A)a beta-lactam ring.
B)resistance to the action of penicillinase.
C)a semisynthetic nature.
D)an expanded spectrum of activity.

Question 10

Sulfa drugs work on

A)nucleic acid biosynthesis.
B)ribosome biosynthesis.
C)peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
D)folic acid biosynthesis.

Question 11

Antibiotics are derived from all of the following except

A)Penicillium.
B)Bacillus.
C)Staphylococcus.
D)Streptomyces.
E)Cephalosporium.

Question 12

The use of a drug to prevent imminent infection is called

A)competitive inhibition.
B)synergism.
C)prebiotics.
D)prophylaxis.
E)lantibiotics.

Question 13

Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed

A)antibiotics.
B)narrow-spectrum drugs.
C)semisynthetic drugs.
D)synthetic drugs.
E)broad-spectrum drugs.

Question 14

Selective toxicity refers to damage to

A)pathogenic organisms.
B)prokaryotic cell membranes.
C)the target organisms but not vertebrate cells.
D)nucleic acids.

Question 15

Each of the following affect cell walls except

A)penicillin.
B)cycloserine.
C)vancomycin.
D)erythromycin.
E)cephalosporin.

Question 16

Antibiotics which disrupt prokaryotic ribosomes can also affect

A)eukaryotic large ribosomal subunit.
B)eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit.
C)ribosomal RNA.
D)eukaryotic mitochondrial ribosomes.

Question 17

An ideal antimicrobial therapeutic drug exhibits all of the following characteristics except

A)nontoxic to host.
B)easily broken down by host.
C)easily administered.
D)limited capacity to elicit resistance.
E)nonallergenic.

Question 18

Sulfonamides

A)interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.
B)are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.
C)attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.
D)damage cell membranes.
E)block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Question 19

Drugs that insert on the _____ ribosomal subunit prevent peptide bond formation or inhibit translocation of the subunit during translation.

A)30S
B)40S
C)50S
D)60S
E)70S

Question 20

Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy bacteria are called

A)antibiotics.
B)narrow-spectrum drugs.
C)semisynthetic drugs.
D)synthetic drugs.
E)broad-spectrum drugs.

Question 21

All of the following pertain to cephalosporins except

A)have a beta-lactam ring.
B)greater resistance to beta-lactamases.
C)newer generations have activity against gram-negative bacteria.
D)many administered by injection,not orally.
E)are synthetic drugs.

Question 22

The major source of naturally produced penicillin is the mold

A)Penicillium notatum.
B)Penicilium chrysogenum.
C)Penicilium familiaris.
D)Naturally produced penicillin is no longer used.

Question 23

What antibiotic is mixed with neomycin and polymyxin to make an antibiotic ointment (Neosporin)for superficial skin infections?

A)vancomycin
B)bacitracin
C)chloramphenicol
D)streptomycin
E)clindamycin

Question 24

The drug that is used to treat typhoid fever and brain abscesses,but can cause aplastic anemia,is:

A)chloramphenicol.
B)clindamycin.
C)ciprofloxacin.
D)bacitracin.
E)gentamicin.

Question 25

A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is

A)synercid.
B)penicillinase.
C)aztreonam.
D)clavulanic acid.
E)imipenem.

Question 26

Which antibiotic is used to treat MRSA and VRE infections?

A)synercid
B)clindamycin
C)linezolid
D)azithromycin
E)clarithromycin

Question 27

Which of the following is not true of polymyxins?

A)source is Bacillus polymyxa
B)narrow spectrum
C)toxic to kidneys
D)target cell walls
E)can treat severe urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacilli

Question 28

Which antimicrobial does not inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A)gentamicin
B)vancomycin
C)cephalosporins
D)penicillins
E)carbapenems

Question 29

Which group are the key drugs used to treat Hansen's disease (leprosy)?

A)sulfonamides
B)sulfones
C)fluoroquinolones
D)polymyxins
E)streptomyces

Question 30

Antimicrobials that are macrolides

A)disrupt cell membrane function.
B)include tetracyclines.
C)include azithromycin,clarithromcyin,and erythromycin.
D)are very narrow-spectrum drugs.
E)are hepatotoxic.

Question 31

Which drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis?

A)penicillin G
B)vancomycin
C)tetracycline
D)synercid
E)isoniazid

Question 32

What drug is used in cases of penicillin and methicillin resistance and also used to treat endocarditis?

A)penicillin G
B)vancomycin
C)tetracycline
D)erythromycin
E)isoniazid

Question 33

All of the following pertain to fluoroquinolones except

A)broad spectrum.
B)include ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin.
C)are nephrotoxic.
D)used to treat respiratory,urinary,and sexually transmitted infections.
E)readily absorbed from intestines.

Question 34

Clavulanic acid inhibits

A)beta-lactamase activity.
B)peptidoglycan synthesis.
C)formation of peptidoglycan cross linkages.
D)cell membrane synthesis.

Question 35

Which of these drugs has the most narrow-spectrum activity?

A)tetracycline
B)isoniazid
C)erythromycin
D)aminoglycosides
E)cephalosporins

Question 36

Which antimicrobial does not interfere with protein synthesis?

A)aminoglycosides
B)tetracyclines
C)erythromycin
D)trimethroprim
E)chloramphenicol

Question 37

Which of the following antibacterial drug groups does not target protein synthesis?

A)oxazolidinones
B)macrolides
C)aminoglycosides
D)sulfonamides
E)tetracyclines

Question 38

What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?

A)synercid
B)penicillinase
C)aztreonam
D)clavulanic acid
E)imipenem

Question 39

Which of the following is not an aminoglycoside?

A)streptomycin
B)gentamicin
C)tetracycline
D)amikacin
E)tobramycin

Question 40

All _____ consist of a thiazolidine ring,a beta-lactam ring,and an R group.

A)penicillins
B)tetracyclines
C)macrolides
D)cephalosporins
E)aminoglycosides

Question 41

Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except

A)transposons.
B)R-plasmids.
C)conjugation.
D)mutation.

Question 42

Which of the following is not used to treat malaria?

A)quinine
B)chloroquine
C)metronidazole
D)primaquine
E)meflaquine

Question 43

Which of the following is not a mode of action of antiviral drugs?

A)block penetration
B)block transcription and translation
C)inhibit DNA synthesis
D)block maturation
E)bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane

Question 44

Each of the following results in drug resistance except a drug

A)being pumped out of the cell.
B)being used as a nutrient by the cell.
C)binding site being altered.
D)being inactivated.
E)being blocked from entering the cell.

Question 45

Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestines are known as

A)prebiotics.
B)probiotics.
C)lantibiotics.
D)phytobiotics.
E)riboswitches.

Question 46

Each of the following contributes to emerging drug resistance except

A)overuse of antibiotics.
B)improper use of antibiotics.
C)multiple drug therapy.
D)ingestion of antibiotics with animal feed.
E)addition of antibiotics to common household products.

Question 47

Microbial resistance resulting from mutation occurs because

A)prokaryotic genomes undergo mutation rapidly.
B)prokaryotic genomes undergo mutation often.
C)short generation times accumulate mutations in populations.
D)mutations are passed between organisms.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 48

Ketoconazole,fluconazole,clotrimazole,and miconazole are broad-spectrum azoles used to treat _____ infections.

A)bacterial
B)fungal
C)protozoan
D)helminthic
E)viral

Question 49

Which of the following is not a therapeutic benefit of interferon?

A)reduces healing time
B)increases white blood cell count
C)prevents or reduces some cold symptoms
D)slows progress of some cancers
E)treats hepatitis C

Question 50

There are fewer antifungal,antiprotozoan,and antihelminthic drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi,protozoa,and helminths

A)do not cause many human infections.
B)are not affected by antimicrobials.
C)are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult to achieve.
D)are parasites found inside human cells.
E)fewer target sites in their cells compared to bacteria.

Question 51

The use of vaginal inserts of Lactobacillus to restore a healthy acidic environment is an example of

A)prebiotics.
B)probiotics.
C)lantibiotics.
D)phytobiotics.
E)riboswitches.

Question 52

Mebendazole,thiabendazole,and ivermectin are drugs used to treat _____ infections.

A)bacterial
B)fungal
C)protozoan
D)helminthic
E)viral

Question 53

Which of the following is not a drug group used to treat fungal infections?

A)quinolones
B)macrolide polyene antibiotics
C)griseofulvin
D)synthetic azoles
E)flucytosine

Question 54

Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat infections caused by:

A)influenza A virus.
B)HIV.
C)herpes zoster virus.
D)respiratory syncytial virus.
E)hepatitis C virus.

Question 55

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include

A)bacterial chromosomal mutations.
B)synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure.
C)prevention of drug entry into the cell.
D)alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 56

The multidrug resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function by

A)bacterial chromosomal mutations.
B)synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure.
C)removing the drug from the cell when it enters.

Question 57

Which of the following blocks HIV binding to host cell receptors?

A)AZT
B)acyclovir
C)nevirapine
D)Fuzeon
E)amantidine

Question 58

Acyclovir is used to treat infections caused by:

A)influenza A virus.
B)HIV.
C)herpes simplex virus.
D)respiratory syncytial virus.
E)hepatitis C virus.

Question 59

An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that

A)blocks penetration.
B)blocks transcription and translation.
C)inhibits DNA synthesis.
D)blocks maturation.
E)bonds to ergosterol in the cell membrane.

Question 60

Primaquine and chloroquine are drugs used in the treatment of ___ infections.

A)gram-positive bacterial
B)gram-negative bacterial
C)fungal
D)protozoan
E)viral

Question 61

An antibiotic of the penicillin family is penicillin
G.

Question 62

Resistance genes can be transferred to other bacterial cells during transformation,transduction,and conjugation.

Question 63

A ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions.This is called the

A)Kirby-Bauer technique.
B)antibiogram.
C)E-test.
D)minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
E)therapeutic index (TI).

Question 64

Bacteria can have a natural resistance to a drug which they have never been exposed.

Question 65

Which two antibiotics affect nucleic acids of bacteria?

A)tetracycline and amphotericin B
B)trimethoprim and sulfonamides
C)rifampin and quinolones
D)tetracycline and bacitracin
E)penicillin and vancomycin

Question 66

Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body's normal biota often cause

A)nephrotoxicity.
B)superinfections.
C)allergic reactions.
D)drug toxicity.

Question 67

A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobials in broth,and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated pathogen.What is this microbiologist setting up?

A)Kirby-Bauer technique
B)antibiogram
C)E-test
D)minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)test
E)therapeutic index (TI)

Question 68

The drug used against intestinal anaerobic bacteria,that can also alter normal biota leading to antibiotic-associated colitis,is

A)chloramphenicol.
B)clindamycin.
C)ciprofloxacin.
D)bacitracin.
E)gentamicin.

Question 69

A superinfection results from

A)build up of a drug to toxic levels in the patient.
B)the wrong drug administered to the patient.
C)an immune system reaction to the drug.
D)a decrease in most normal biota resulting in the overgrowth of an unaffected species.

Question 70

Drug susceptibility testing determines

A)the patient's response to various antimicrobials.
B)the pathogen's response to various antimicrobials.
C)if normal biota will be affected by antimicrobials.
D)if the drug is increasing to toxic levels in a patient.

Question 71

A drug exhibiting which therapeutic index value would be the safest,most effective to use on a patient?

A)20
B)10
C)1
D)0.1
E)Any choice would be equally effective.

Question 72

The _____ are drugs that deposit in developing teeth and cause a permanent brown discoloration.

A)streptomycins
B)cephalosporins
C)macrolides
D)tetracyclines
E)penicillins

Question 73

Who is considered to be the father of modern antibiotics?

A)Fleming
B)Chargaff
C)Watson
D)Crick
E)Domagk

Question 74

The first modern antimicrobial drugs were sulfa drugs.

Question 75

Ciprofloxacin is used to treat viral respiratory infections.

Question 76

Side effects that occur in patient tissues while they are on antimicrobial drugs include all of the following except

A)development of resistance to the drug.
B)hepatotoxicity.
C)nephrotoxicity.
D)diarrhea.
E)deafness.

Question 77

Species of Bacillus produce bacitracin and the polymyxin drugs.

Question 78

When a patient's immune system reacts adversely to a drug,this serious side effect is called a superinfection.

Question 79

If pathogen A is more resistant to an erythromycin disc on a Kirby-Bauer plate compared to pathogen B,then pathogen A will have a/n _____ zone of inhibition compared to pathogen

A)smaller
B)
B)equal
C)larger

Question 80

Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis work with no side effects because mammals must get folic acid from their diet.