Deck 7: Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth

Question 1

An organic nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be provided is called a/n

A)element.
B)macronutrient.
C)compound.
D)growth factor.
E)trace element.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Calcium is required for bacteria because it

A)stabilizes the cell wall.
B)stabilizes the ribosomes.
C)stabilizes the nucleoid.
D)maintains cellular pH.
E)makes strong cell walls.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Microorganisms require large quantities of ______ for use in cell structure and metabolism:

A)electrolytes
B)macronutrients
C)water
D)growth factors
E)trace elements

Question 5

Aerobic respiration is an example of

A)photosynthesis.
B)methanoheterophy.
C)photoheterotrophy.
D)chemoheterotrophy.
E)photoautotrophy.

Question 6

The term obligate refers to

A)the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions.
B)existing in a very narrow niche.
C)using chemicals for energy production.
D)using light for energy production.
E)using oxygen for metabolism.

Question 7

An important mineral ion of the cytochrome pigments of cellular respiration is

A)iron.
B)zinc.
C)calcium.
D)magnesium.
E)potassium.

Question 8

The term facultative refers to

A)the ability to exist in a wide range of conditions.
B)existing in a very narrow niche.
C)using chemicals for energy production.
D)using light for energy production.
E)using oxygen for metabolism.

Question 9

What compound has the highest concentration in a cell?

A)CO₂
B)CH₄
C)H₂O
D)glucose
E)NH₃

Question 10

Most of the dry weight of a microbial cell is from

A)inorganic compounds.
B)minerals.
C)water.
D)organic compounds.
E)salts.

Question 11

Microorganisms require small quantities of ______ for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure:

A)electrolytes
B)macronutrients
C)water
D)growth factors
E)trace elements

Question 12

Microorganisms that live in severe habitats,such as very hot,acidic,or salty environments,are called

A)thermophiles.
B)halophiles.
C)psychrophiles.
D)extremophiles.
E)barophiles.

Question 13

An important mineral ion that is a component of chlorophyll,and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is

A)iron.
B)zinc.
C)calcium.
D)magnesium.
E)potassium.

Question 14

Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host,and cause some degree of harm.

A)mesophiles
B)thermophiles
C)commensals
D)pathogens
E)halophiles

Question 15

An organism that uses CO₂ for its carbon needs and sunlight for its energy needs would be called a

A)heterotroph.
B)photoautotroph.
C)chemoheterotroph.
D)saprobe.
E)halotroph.

Question 16

The methanogens,producers of methane gas,require environments that

A)have sunlight.
B)are very acidic.
C)have abundant oxygen and CO₂.
D)are extremely cold.
E)are anaerobic with hydrogen gas and CO₂.

Question 17

Growth factors

A)are inorganic.
B)are synthesized by the organism.
C)contain elemental oxygen.
D)cannot be synthesized by the organism.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 18

Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called

A)saprobes.
B)parasites.
C)autotrophs.
D)lithoautotrophs.
E)phototrophs.

Question 19

The type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen

A)occurs in cyanobacteria.
B)does not require CO₂ as a reactant.
C)occurs in purple and green sulfur bacteria.
D)does not require sunlight.
E)occurs in algae and plants.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a major element of a microbial cell?

A)copper
B)carbon
C)hydrogen
D)nitrogen
E)oxygen

Question 21

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator (5^oC),out on a lab bench top (22^oC),on the shelf of a 37 ^$\circ$ C incubator,and on the shelf of a 50 ^$\circ$ C incubator.After incubation,there was no growth at 37 ^$\circ$ C and 50 ^$\circ$ C,slight growth in the refrigerator,and abundant growth on the lab bench top.What term could be used for this species?

A)halophile
B)mesophile
C)anaerobe
D)psychrotroph
E)capnophile

Question 22

The process by which a cell uses ATP to enclose a substance in its membrane,by forming a vacuole and engulfing it,is called:

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 23

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45 ^$\circ$ C to 60 ^$\circ$ C would be called a/n

A)extremophile.
B)thermophile.
C)psychrophile.
D)facultative psychrophile.
E)thermoduric.

Question 24

In _____ conditions,the cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting.

A)hypertonic
B)hypotonic
C)isotonic
D)mesotonic

Question 25

Mediated transport of polar molecules and ions across the plasma membrane utilizes a/n _____ carrier that will bind to the substance,effecting a conformational change that allows movement across the membrane.

A)protein
B)lipid
C)porin
D)enzyme

Question 26

Which of the following require the cell to use ATP?

A)facilitated diffusion
B)diffusion
C)endocytosis
D)osmosis

Question 27

Nutrient absorption is mediated by the

A)cell wall.
B)peptidoglycan layer.
C)proteins in the periplasmic space.
D)cell membrane.
E)nuclear membrane.

Question 28

Which of the following microorganisms would find hypotonic conditions most detrimental?

A)bacteria
B)protozoa
C)fungi
D)algae
E)cyanobacteria

Question 29

Human pathogens fall into the group called

A)psychrophiles.
B)thermophiles.
C)halophiles.
D)mesophiles.
E)acidophiles.

Question 30

The movement of substances from higher to lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier but no energy expenditure is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 31

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated in a standard incubator,in an anaerobic jar,and in a candle jar.After incubation,there was moderate growth of cultures in the candle and anaerobic jars,but heavy growth of the culture in the incubator.This species is a/n

A)aerobe.
B)anaerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)capnophile.

Question 32

Facilitated diffusion is limited by

A)substrate concentration.
B)carrier proteins in the membrane.
C)size of the pores in the membrane.
D)osmotic pressure.
E)size of the cell.

Question 33

Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are moved to salty seawater would

A)be in a hypotonic solution.
B)gain water.
C)be in an isotonic solution.
D)become dehydrated due to the loss of water.

Question 34

All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable for growth except

A)psychrophiles.
B)anaerobes.
C)facultative anaerobes.
D)mesophiles.
E)capnophiles.

Question 35

The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier and cell expenditure of energy is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 36

An organism that grows slowly in the cold but has an optimum growth temperature of 32 ^$\circ$ C is called a/n

A)extremophile.
B)thermophile.
C)psychrophile.
D)facultative psychrophile.
E)thermoduric.

Question 37

A microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature of 37 ^$\circ$ C,but can survive short exposure to high temperatures is called a/n

A)extremophile.
B)thermophile.
C)psychrophile.
D)facultative psychrophile.
E)thermoduric microbe.

Question 38

Diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane is called

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 39

Contractile vacuoles are

A)used to expel excess water from cells.
B)found in bacterial cells.
C)important to certain organisms in hypertonic environments.
D)protein carriers in cell membranes.
E)used to bring solutes into a cell.

Question 40

When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell,this endocytosis is specifically termed

A)pinocytosis.
B)phagocytosis.
C)facilitated transport.
D)facilitated diffusion.
E)exocytosis.

Question 41

An organism that can exist in both oxygen and oxygen-free environments is a/n

A)aerobe.
B)obligate aerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)obligate anaerobe.

Question 42

The phase of the bacterial growth curve that shows the maximum rate of cell division is the

A)lag phase.
B)log phase.
C)stationary phase.
D)death phase.
E)prophase.

Question 43

The time interval from parent cell to two new daughter cells is called

A)binary fission.
B)growth curve.
C)generation time.
D)death phase.
E)culture time.

Question 44

When microbes live independently but cooperate and share nutrients,it is called

A)symbiosis.
B)satellitism.
C)antibiosis.
D)mutualism.
E)synergism.

Question 45

A halophile would grow best in

A)acid pools.
B)fresh water ponds.
C)hot geyser springs.
D)arid,desert soil.
E)salt lakes.

Question 46

When microbes are in a close nutritional relationship,and one benefits but the other is not harmed,it is called

A)symbiosis.
B)satellitism.
C)commensalism.
D)mutualism.
E)synergism.

Question 47

An organism that cannot tolerate an oxygen environment is a/n

A)aerobe.
B)obligate aerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)obligate anaerobe.

Question 48

What type of media is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes?

A)blood agar
B)thioglycollate
C)sulfite polymyxin sulfadiazine
D)sodium chloride

Question 49

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes,

A)catalase and hydrogen peroxidases.
B)superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxidase.
C)superoxide dismutase and catalase.
D)catalase and oxidase.
E)superoxide dismutase and oxidase.

Question 50

The production of antibiotics is a form of antagonism called

A)symbiosis.
B)satellitism.
C)antibiosis.
D)mutualism.
E)synergism.

Question 51

E.coli bacteria that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K that the body uses would be best termed a _____ relationship.

A)parasitic
B)saprobic
C)antagonistic
D)mutualistic

Question 52

When it is important to count the number of cells,determine cell size,and differentiate between dead and live cells,a/n ___ is used.

A)coulter counter
B)flow cytometer
C)SEM
D)methylene dye indicator
E)turbidity counter

Question 53

A change in one partner,in a close relationship,that leads to a change in the other partner is

A)symbiosis.
B)coevolution.
C)antibiosis.
D)mutualism.
E)synergism.

Question 54

In the viable plate count method,a measured sample of a culture is evenly spread across an agar surface and incubated.Each _____ represents one _____ from the sample.

A)cell;cell
B)cell;colony
C)colony;cell
D)species;colony
E)generation;cell

Question 55

A microaerophile

A)grows best in an anaerobic jar.
B)grows with or without oxygen.
C)needs normal atmospheric levels of oxygen.
D)requires a small amount of oxygen but won't grow at normal atmospheric levels of oxygen.

Question 56

A barophile would grow best in

A)acid pools.
B)deep oceans.
C)hot geyser springs.
D)arid,desert soil.
E)salt lakes.

Question 57

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment,metabolizing but not growing at an exponential rate,is the

A)lag phase.
B)log phase.
C)stationary phase.
D)death phase.
E)prophase.

Question 58

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the

A)lag phase.
B)log phase.
C)stationary phase.
D)death phase.
E)telophase.

Question 59

An organism that cannot grow without oxygen is a/n

A)aerobe.
B)obligate aerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)obligate anaerobe.

Question 60

An organism that can use gaseous oxygen in metabolism and has the enzymes to process toxic oxygen products is a/n

A)aerobe.
B)obligate aerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)obligate anaerobe.

Question 61

Most microorganisms on earth can only live and survive in habitats that are similar to human body conditions.

Question 62

Lithoautotrophs use inorganic nutrients for carbon and energy sources.

Question 63

After binary fission,daughter cells will differ genetically.

Question 64

The degree of turbidity in a broth culture correlates to the amount of cell growth.

Question 65

A saprobe with a cell wall will utilize extracellular digestion.

Question 66

The majority of microbes live and grow in habitats between pH 7 and 9.

Question 67

Whether an organism is an autotroph or heterotroph depends on its source of nitrogen.

Question 68

Whether an organism is a phototroph or a chemotroph depends on its source of energy.

Question 69

Saprobes do not need a carbon source for growth and metabolism.

Question 70

A Coulter counter can count viable cells as well as determine the size.

Question 71

Anaerobes can be cultured in a CO₂ environment.

Question 72

The direct cell count,using a cytometer,can calculate viable cell numbers from a sample without the use of dyes.

Question 73

Inorganic nitrogen must be converted to ammonia to be used by a cell.

Question 74

Bacteria have an average generation time of 24 hours.

Question 75

The time it takes for a freshly inoculated agar culture to develop visible colonies is primarily governed by the generation time of that species.

Question 76

A closed culture system is used to determine a population growth curve.

Question 77

Obligate saprobes can adapt to a living host.

Question 78

Facilitated diffusion and active transport require a carrier protein to mediate the movement across the plasma membrane.

Question 79

Phosphorus is one of the major elements needed in larger quantities by microorganisms.

Question 80

In a commensal relationship,the commensal benefits but the cohabitant is neither harmed nor benefited.