Deck 2: The Chemistry of Biology

Question 1

Cations are

A)charged subatomic particles.
B)atoms that have gained electrons.
C)atoms that have gained neutrons.
D)capable of forming ionic bonds with anions.
E)atoms without protons.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Polar molecules

A)have an equal charge distribution.
B)have an unequal charge distribution.
C)are insoluble in water.
D)always contain carbon.
E)always involve oxygen.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Anything that occupies space and has mass is called

A)atomic.
B)living.
C)matter.
D)energy.
E)space.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Covalent bonds

A)result from losing electrons.
B)are always polar.
C)are always nonpolar.
D)result from sharing electrons.
E)result from gaining electrons.

Question 5

The valence number is the

A)number of protons.
B)number of neutrons.
C)atomic weight.
D)number of inner most electrons.
E)number of outer most electrons.

Question 6

Two or more atoms bonded together are called a/an

A)ion.
B)isotope.
C)element.
D)electrolyte.
E)molecule.

Question 7

Atoms that gain or lose electrons become charged particles called

A)cations.
B)anions.
C)ions.
D)isotopes.

Question 8

What is the maximum number of electrons in the second energy shell of an atom?

A)2
B)4
C)8
D)18
E)32

Question 9

A reaction where an electron is lost is called

A)oxidation.
B)reduction.
C)ionization.
D)decomposition.
E)dissolution.

Question 10

What would be the valence number of electrons in the sulfur (S)atom?

A)2
B)6
C)8
D)16
E)32

Question 11

What is the maximum number of electrons in the first energy shell of an atom?

A)2
B)4
C)8
D)18
E)32

Question 12

The electrons of an atom are

A)always equal to the number of protons.
B)used to determine the atomic weight.
C)carrying a positive charge.
D)used to determine the atomic number.
E)always in full orbitals.

Question 13

An atom has gained an electron.It has been

A)oxidized.
B)reduced.
C)ionized.
D)deionized.
E)neutralized.

Question 14

The electrons of an atom are

A)always equal to the number of neutrons in an atom.
B)found in the nucleus.
C)used to determine atomic number.
D)positively charged.
E)moving in pathways called orbitals.

Question 15

Ionic bonds

A)result from sharing electrons.
B)result from transferring electrons.
C)result from like charge attraction.
D)are the weakest chemical bonds.
E)always involve carbon.

Question 16

Hydrogen bonds

A)result from attractive forces between molecules with polar covalent bonds.
B)result from attractive forces between molecules with polar ionic bonds.
C)result from attractive forces between molecules with nonpolar covalent bonds.
D)result from attractive forces between molecules with nonpolar ionic bonds.
E)are the strongest bonds between molecules.

Question 17

All of the following pertain to the atom Carbon-14 except

A)has 6 protons.
B)has 6 electrons.
C)has 14 neutrons.
D)is an isotope of Carbon.

Question 18

Polar molecules are composed of covalently bonded

A)identical atoms.
B)carbon atoms.
C)ions.
D)atoms of different electronegativity.
E)atoms of identical electronegativity.

Question 19

The subatomic particles that surround the nucleus are the

A)electrons.
B)protons.
C)neutrons.
D)protons and neutrons.
E)protons and electrons.

Question 20

Protons and neutrons that make up the atom's central core,which is referred to as its

A)valence number.
B)isotope.
C)nucleus.
D)center of gravity.

Question 21

Which of the following represents a reversible reaction?

A)AB $\rarr$ A + B
B)A + B $\rarr$ AB
C)AB + XY $\rarr$ AY + XB.
D)AB + XY $\rarr$ AY + XB

Question 22

Compared to a solution of pH 9,a solution of pH 7:

A)is more basic.
B)has no OH^- ions.
C)has more H⁺ ions.
D)has a higher pH.

Question 23

Which term or phrase does not belong in this list of characteristics describing acids?

A)lactic acid
B)vinegar
C)hydrogen ion donor
D)pH 8
E)acidic

Question 24

Which of the following functional groups is mismatched to the organic compound in which it is typically contained?

A)phosphate - carbohydrates
B)sulfhydryl - proteins
C)amino - proteins
D)hydroxyl - alcohols
E)carboxyl - fatty acids

Question 25

Select the statement that most accurately reflects the process of plant material digestion in humans:

A)it is a very efficient process the produces very little undigested material in feces.
B)it is a process that is dependent upon enzyme (cellulase)production by gut microbiota.
C)it requires the action of enzymes called kinases.
D)it is linked to the digestion of glycogen.

Question 26

All of the following are monosaccharides except

A)glucose.
B)glycogen.
C)fructose.
D)ribose.
E)deoxyribose.

Question 27

Which of the following represents a synthesis reaction?

A)AB $\rarr$ A + B
B)A + B $\rarr$ AB
C)AB + XY $\rarr$ AY + XB.
D)AB + XY $\rarr$ AY + XB

Question 28

A capillary tube is used to acquire a small blood sample for CBC (complete blood count)analysis.Suction is not required to transfer the blood from the fingertip prick to the tube in part due to:

A)ionic bonding between the water molecules.
B)cohesive forces between the glass particles of the tube and the water molecules.
C)covalent bonding between the water molecules.
D)adhesive forces between the water molecules and the glass particles of the tube.

Question 29

Ionic compounds

A)are hydrophobic.
B)are hydrophilic.
C)are acidic in solution.
D)are basic in solution.
E)always form salts in solution.

Question 30

Substances that release ions when dissolved in water and conduct electricity are

A)covalent.
B)nonpolar.
C)electrons.
D)electrolytes.
E)solvents.

Question 31

Which of the following would have glycosidic bonds?

A)triglycerides
B)monosaccharides
C)polypeptides
D)polysaccharides
E)ATP

Question 32

Burning coal produces sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere.When combined with precipitation that falls into bodies of water,this leads to:

A)an increase in pH level of the water.
B)a greater concentration of OH^- ions in the water.
C)a decrease in the pH level of the water.
D)no change in the pH level of the water.

Question 33

A solution is composed of one or more substances called _____ that are uniformly dispersed in a dissolving medium called a _____.

A)solvents;solute
B)solutes;solvent
C)neither solvents,solute nor solutes;solvent
D)both solvents,solute and solutes;solvent

Question 34

Compared to a solution of pH 9,a solution of pH 7 is:

A)2 times more acidic.
B)20 times more acidic.
C)20 times more basic.
D)100 times more acidic.
E)100 times more basic.

Question 35

C₆H₁₂O₆ + C₆H₁₂O₆ $\rarr$ C₁₂ H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O represents

A)the formation of a peptide bond.
B)a decomposition reaction.
C)a denaturation reaction.
D)the formation of a polysaccharide.
E)a dehydration synthesis.

Question 36

Organic chemicals always have a basic framework of the element _____ bonded to other atoms.

A)carbon
B)nitrogen
C)oxygen
D)hydrogen
E)phosphorous

Question 37

The important solvent associated with living things is

A)carbon dioxide.
B)sodium chloride.
C)ethyl alcohol.
D)benzene.
E)water.

Question 38

Most biochemical macromolecules are polymers,which are chains of

A)hydrophobic molecules.
B)electrolytic molecules.
C)repeating monomers.
D)repeating carbohydrates.
E)hydrogen bonds.

Question 39

Starch is the primary storage food for all of the following except

A)green plants.
B)algae.
C)animals.
D)some fungi.

Question 40

All of the following are polysaccharides except

A)dextran in some bacterial slime layers.
B)agar used to make solid culture media.
C)a cell's glycocalyx.
D)cellulose in certain cell walls.
E)sterols in cell membranes.

Question 41

Which is not true about enzymes?

A)found in all cells
B)are catalysts
C)participate in the cell's chemical reactions
D)can be denaturated by heat and other agents
E)have high-energy bonds between phosphates

Question 42

The alpha ( $\alpha$ )helix is a type of _____ protein structure.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)tertiary
D)quaternary

Question 43

A student forgot to label a beaker containing a DNA solution and a beaker containing a glucose solution.If chemical analysis was performed to identify the contents of each beaker,which of the following would be found in the beaker of DNA but not in the beaker with glucose?

A)amino acids
B)hydrogen and oxygen atoms
C)nitrogen and phosphorus
D)fatty acids
E)carbon atoms

Question 44

An amino acid contains all of the following except a/n

A)amino group.
B)carboxyl group.
C)variable R group.
D) $\alpha$ carbon.
E)phosphate.

Question 45

Characteristics shared by all cells include

A)a membrane serving as a cell boundary.
B)the possession of genetic information.
C)the presence of cellular fluid.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 46

Microscopic analysis of a cell reveals the presence of ribosomes.Based upon this information alone,it can be determined that:

A)it is a bacterial cell.
B)it is an archaeal cell.
C)it is a eukaryotic cell.
D)it is either a bacterial or archaeal cell.
E)further information is needed to determine if it is either a bacterial,archaeal,or eukaryotic cell.

Question 47

What type of bonds are formed by dehydration synthesis between adjacent amino acids?

A)glycosilic
B)ester
C)peptide
D)disulfide
E)phosphate

Question 48

One nucleotide contains one

A)phosphate.
B)pentose sugar.
C)nitrogen base.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 49

An example of an amphipathic molecule found in living cells is

A)glucose.
B)phospholipid.
C)protein.
D)nucleic acids.
E)ATP.

Question 50

What part of a phospholipid comprise the hydrophobic tails?

A)fatty acids
B)glycerol
C)phosphate
D)alcohol
E)hydroxyl.

Question 51

Which of the following is not a pyrimidine?

A)uracil
B)adenine
C)thymine
D)cytosine

Question 52

The lipid group that is the major component of cell membranes is the

A)prostaglandins.
B)waxes.
C)phospholipids.
D)steroids.
E)triglycerides.

Question 53

ATP is best described as

A)an enzyme.
B)a double helix.
C)an electron carrier.
D)the energy molecule of cells.

Question 54

During protein synthesis,____ RNA is made to be a copy of a gene from the DNA that will be translated into protein.

A)transfer
B)messenger
C)ribosomal
D)small subunit

Question 55

The building blocks of an enzyme are

A)nucleotides.
B)glycerol and fatty acids.
C)monosaccharides.
D)phosphate,glycerol,and fatty acids.
E)amino acids.

Question 56

Which pertains to DNA but not to RNA?

A)contains ribose
B)contains adenine
C)contains thymine
D)contains uracil
E)contains nucleotides

Question 57

A fat is called _____ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single-bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens.

A)unsaturated
B)polyunsaturated
C)monounsaturated
D)saturated

Question 58

All of the following are lipids except

A)cholesterol.
B)starch.
C)phospholipid.
D)wax.
E)triglyceride.

Question 59

Purines and pyrimidines are components in the building block units of all

A)nucleic acids.
B)carbohydrates.
C)polysaccharides.
D)amino acids.
E)enzymes.

Question 60

The lipid group that serves as energy storage molecules is the

A)prostaglandins.
B)waxes.
C)phospholipids.
D)steroids.
E)triglycerides.

Question 61

Electrons that participate in chemical bonding are typically located closest to the nucleus.

Question 62

All proteins are enzymes.

Question 63

The concentration of a solution expresses the amount of solvent present.

Question 64

A new organism was identified that contained arsenic in place of phosphate in its DNA double helix structure.Based upon this information alone,it can be determined that this change will greatly alter the information encoded by this genetic material.

Question 65

In what way would life be different if the element carbon was absent?

A)There would be no organic compounds.
B)There would be no inorganic compounds.
C)Life would not exist in any shape or form.
D)The concept of pH would not exist.

Question 66

The purine ___ always binds with the pyrimidine ___ within both DNA and RNA.

A)guanine;cytosine
B)cytosine;guanine
C)adenine;guanine
D)thymine;guanine

Question 67

Polar molecules have more reactivity compared to nonpolar molecules.

Question 68

Viruses are not considered living organisms because they lack cellular structure and require a host cell for life cycle completion.

Question 69

The only part of an amino acid that differs from other amino acids is its R group.

Question 70

The most important outcome of polypeptide intrachain bonding and folding is the unique shape of the protein.

Question 71

Water molecules are nonpolar molecules.

Question 72

If solution A has a lower pH compared to solution B,then solution A is more acidic than solution B.

Question 73

Nucleic acids have primary,secondary,tertiary,and quaternary levels of organization.

Question 74

In a later chapter,you will study the staining of bacteria.In the Gram stain,alcohol is used as a decolorizer.What chemical component of the cell does alcohol affect?

A)protein
B)carbohydrate
C)lipid
D)electrolytes

Question 75

A covalent bond is formed between an anion and a cation.