Deck 10: Work and Achievement

Question 1

Women are more likely than men to do clerical work,whereas men are more likely to be in skilled trades such as carpentry.This phenomenon is known as

A)sex stratification.
B)sex segregation.
C)sex differences.
D)gender differences.

Answer 1

sex segregation.

Question 2

The statement,"I am just a housewife," illustrates

A)working in the home is not as difficult as working outside the home.
B)women who are full-time homemakers have given up career plans.
C)much of the work women do is often not formally defined as work.
D)a and c

Answer 2

much of the work women do is often not formally defined as work.

Question 3

The monetary value of unpaid housework is not computed into the Gross National Product.According to some,this

A)is an example of androcentrism.
B)is because the domestic and public/occupational spheres are incompatible.
C)ignores the social importance of housework.
D)a and c

Answer 3

a and c

Question 4

Based only on the following information,which of the following individuals is an example of a woman who participates in a two-person career?

A)Laura Bush (a U.S.President's spouse)
B)Golda Meier (a former prime minister of Israel)
C)Madonna (a rock singer)
D)Angelina Jolie-Pitt (actress/activist)

Question 5

A "two-person career" is typically described as one in which

A)there is a family business,allowing parents to alternate work and child care.
B)the couple recognizes homemaking as an important job,sharing the work.
C)a wife is an unofficial contributor to her husband's work.
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 6

Carl is in medical school.His wife Hannah full time in retail and manages the household responsibilities so Carl can study.This is an example of a(n)

A)egalitarian marriage.
B)two-person career.
C)two-person marriage.
D)cooperative marriage.

Question 7

Even with modern conveniences such as microwave ovens and washing machines,housework is still a full-time job.This is probably because

A)the standards of housekeeping have risen.
B)these "conveniences" have not made the work less arduous than in the past.
C)children today typically have fewer household chores than children in the past.
D)many women were not taught the "short cuts" used for speedy housework.

Question 8

If general work categories are not segregated by sex,sex stratification often exists.This means

A)women often outnumber men in traditionally female occupations.
B)within the same general occupation,women cluster in lower level positions.
C)it is more prestigious for women to be in traditionally male occupations.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 9

The following is NOT a "responsibility" of a wife in a two-person career:

A)working outside the home to bring in money for "extras."
B)entertaining her husband's clients or customers in her home.
C)being available at any time for complete care of her and her husband's children.
D)taking part in volunteer or community service related to her husband's position.

Question 10

The pervasive phenomenon of women being blocked in career advancement by invisible barriers,has been called

A)the top-down barrier.
B)the occupational advancement bias.
C)the glass ceiling.
D)the old-boy network.

Question 11

Sarah has aided her husband's advancement in a leading pharmaceutical company.When asked about her husband's career,she is likely to report she

A)feels a sense of vicarious achievement.
B)feels used and exploited.
C)had little to do with his success.
D)Either a or b is correct.

Question 12

A study of US couples discovered,compared to men,women spent

A)more than twice as many hours per week on household chores.
B)an average of 5 more hours more per day on household chores.
C)almost four times more hours per week on household chores.
D)an average of 10 more hours per week on household chores.

Question 13

Differences between women and men in the paid workforce appear in the

A)kinds of work done by each.
B)obstacles to satisfaction and achievement available to each.
C)rewards provided to each.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 14

According to the textbook,if homemaking was given a monetary value,it

A)would be equivalent to the amount earned if employed for pay.
B)would be equivalent to the amount of money necessary to hire help.
C)would be difficult to calculate because of not fitting an occupational definition.
D)should be approximately equivalent to the amount of a banker's salary.

Question 15

Interviews with "househusbands" showed that they rated _____________ as the best aspect and ________________ as the worst aspect of their situations.

A)increased involvement with their children;doing housework
B)increased emotional involvement with their spouse and children;preparing meals
C)increased involvement with their children;running errands
D)not having to leave home in order to go to work;cleaning house

Question 16

Taken together,studies of women's and men's participation in household chores when both partners work outside the home suggest

A)men are resistant to becoming involved.
B)women are under worked.
C)couples divide the time spent on household chores.
D)a and b

Question 17

A group of househusbands studied by researchers considered which of the following to be an advantage to their lifestyles?

A)the ease of housework with new "gadgets"
B)the increased involvement with their children
C)giving their wives a chance to earn money
D)the knowledge gained from watching daytime TV

Question 18

A woman in a two-person career is often responsible for

A)sending birthday cards to extended family members.
B)responding to invitations to the company's Fourth of July picnic.
C)sending holiday cards to friends.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 19

The distinction between "working woman" and "working mother" suggests

A)women work very diligently on both mothering and work outside the home.
B)a woman is not really considered a worker unless she is in the paid work force.
C)working women are stigmatized for not being mothers.
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 20

Women often do not find homemaking satisfying because of the

A)boring,repetitive,and unchallenging nature of the work.
B)lack of coworker companionship.
C)lack of feedback on how well they are doing.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 21

Which of the following can result in tokenism?

A)a solo woman in an otherwise all male group
B)a lone man in an otherwise all female group
C)a single Black in an otherwise all white group
D)All the above are correct.

Question 22

People often attribute a man's success to high ability and a woman's success to good luck.When the woman's success cannot be attributed entirely to luck,her success is likely to be attributed to

A)high ability,but slightly less than that of a man in the same position.
B)level of education.
C)effort and hard work.
D)underhanded practices.

Question 23

"Tokens" tend to be

A)visible.
B)stereotyped.
C)stressed.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 24

Ashley is a token woman in her law firm.Her performance has been more impressive than many of her coworkers' performances.It is likely

A)her token status will diminish as her coworkers recognize her competence.
B)she will be perceived as "a workaholic" or "too aggressive."
C)she will be perceived as too demure.
D)she will be honored and celebrated.

Question 25

Women and minority men have few role models.This seems to contribute to

A)occupational abandonment.
B)feelings of being a pioneer.
C)feelings of loneliness and deviance.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 26

Many women's paid jobs are characterized by service to others,consistent with the unpaid work of wives and mothers.Examples include the following except

A)banking.
B)nursing.
C)teaching.
D)secretarial work.

Question 27

When women and men are in equivalent jobs,women

A)are expected to be more caring and supportive than men.
B)are expected to act exactly like men.
C)are valued for their caring.
D)a and c

Question 28

Clarissa acknowledges sex discrimination as a social problem.If typical,

A)she recognizes she experiences such discrimination in her daily life.
B)she does not see sex discrimination as a problem in her own situation.
C)she is employed in a position of authority.
D)none of the above.

Question 29

Recent research investigating the influence ethnicity and gender have to earnings suggests

A)no significant changes have occurred in the past 20 years.
B)of women-of-color are catching up to those of White women.
C)the gender gap has slightly decreased over the past 40 years.
D)b and c

Question 30

A token woman

A)is unlikely to be seen as a representative of her whole sex.
B)tends to be highly visible and isolated.
C)is likely to be seen as the interests of the group as a whole rather than women's issues.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 31

Gender as an influence on evaluation was studied,finding:

A)papers written by women were evaluated more positively than those written by men when the occupation was traditionally feminine.
B)papers written by men were evaluated more positively than those written by women when the occupation was traditionally masculine.
C)regardless of the occupation,men's articles were evaluated more positively.
D)a and b

Question 32

Fictitious sets of credentials for psychologists,identical except for the gender of the applicant,were sent to department chairpersons,the "female" applicant was

A)rated less favorably than the "male."
B)rated more favorably than the "male."
C)considered qualified for a lower-level position than the "male."
D)a and c

Question 33

Men's success is most often attributed to ability and intelligence.Women's success is most often attributed to

A)ability and intelligence.
B)good looks and her husband.
C)luck and hard work.
D)sexual bargaining.

Question 34

Kenisha is the only woman in her office.It is likely she

A)feels less performance pressure than her coworkers.
B)feels more performance pressure than her coworkers.
C)worries about being too successful.
D)b and c

Question 35

"Tokens" tend to feel a great deal of performance pressure because

A)others tend to go out of their way to help them feel at home.
B)everyone wants to talk to them.
C)mistakes are taken as evidence that "those people" should not have been hired.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 36

Evidence of a double standard for tokens includes the following EXCEPT

A)men are more likely than women to experience token status.
B)white male tokens do not encounter negative treatment.
C)male nursing students feel social isolation and performance pressure.
D)male tokens advanced more quickly in work groups.

Question 37

Research shows,regardless of whether individuals succeed or fail,men are assumed to be _______________ and women are assumed to be ______________.

A)basically competent;basically incompetent
B)hard workers;lucky
C)hard workers;indolent workers
D)in control;out of control

Question 38

Overall,women earn ______ cents to each dollar earned by men?

A)77
B)85
C)62
D)49

Question 39

If a woman fails,her failure is often attributed to _________.If a man fails,his failure is often attributed to _________.

A)task difficulty;bad luck
B)bad luck;quirks in the situation
C)bad luck;low effort
D)lack of ability;bad luck

Question 40

The "women's" professions of nursing,social work and teaching tend to

A)lack clear opportunities for advancement.
B)foster competition rather than cooperation between women.
C)require less education than traditional men's occupations.
D)have high prestige value to go with their high pay.

Question 41

There is a great deal of confusion about what constitutes sexual harassment because

A)many behaviors now defined as sexual harassment were once acceptable.
B)the legal definition remains somewhat ambiguous.
C)the definitions used by the legal system and by researchers don't always agree.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 42

Natalynne is from a low-income home.She has attended day-care for almost all of her five years.From being in day-care,it is likely Natalynne

A)suffers from a slightly disrupted affectional bond with her mother.
B)has experienced intellectual growth and development.
C)is slightly less socially skilled than children cared for at home.
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 43

A criticism of achievement motivation research is

A)it focuses on women and men having different definitions of achievement.
B)achievement for women has been equated with motherhood.
C)it defines achievement in stereotypically male terms.
D)a and b

Question 44

A limitation of the research on multiple roles and psychological well-being discussed in the text is

A)most of the research investigates blue-collar workers.
B)research samples are self-selected.
C)most of the research investigates pink-collar workers.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 45

Quid pro quo sexual harassment is defined as unwelcome sexual advances,requests for sexual favors,and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when

A)submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term of an individual's employment.
B)submission or rejection of such by an individual is used as a basis for employment decisions affecting such individual.
C)such behaviors have the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an intimidating work environment.
D)a and b

Question 46

A national study of over 3,000 women found that harassment can result in

A)conversion disorders.
B)psychotic disorders.
C)posttraumatic stress disorder.
D)bipolar disorder.

Question 47

Much of the research investigating women's integration of work and family responsibilities has been biased because it has

A)not taken into account racial and ethnic differences.
B)been concentrated on the experiences of divorced women.
C)focused on the costs of multiple roles.
D)b and c

Question 48

Lower rates of sexual harassment and less severe cases are reported when

A)workplaces have clear,well-publicized policies on sexual harassment.
B)supervisors support sexual harassment policies.
C)supervisors punish harassers.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 49

___________ refers to the psychological effects of being faced with two or more sets of incompatible expectations or demands,while ___________ describes the difficulties of meeting these expectations.

A)Role conflict;role overload
B)Split-role conflict;performance pressure
C)Role neurosis;role regulation
D)Script-role conflict;role-script conflict

Question 50

Mentors,sponsors,and role models are

A)helpful for success.
B)obstacles for most people.
C)lacking for males.
D)not needed if one works hard and plays by the rules.

Question 51

Hostile work environment sexual harassment is defined as unwelcome sexual advances,requests for sexual favors,and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when

A)submission to such conduct is made either explicitly or implicitly a term of an individual's employment.
B)submission or rejection of such by an individual is used as a basis for employment decisions affecting such individual.
C)such has the purpose or effect of substantially interfering with an individual's work performance or creating an intimidating work environment.
D)a and b

Question 52

One reason multiple roles usually benefits psychological well-being may be paid work is generally a source of

A)increased self-esteem.
B)more social involvement.
C)an independent identity.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 53

The following constitutes hostile environment sexual harassment:

A)putting up sexual signs or posters in a work environment.
B)making sexist comments.
C)making negative remarks to a person because of his or her gender.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 54

Maria holds a top positions in a major architectural firm based in Boston.In her upbringing,she is likely to have

A)had parents who encouraged her achievements.
B)had a mother who was a full-time homemaker.
C)attended a fundamental or magnet high school.
D)a and c

Question 55

Daughters of employed women are likely to

A)be more independent and confident.
B)hold more egalitarian attitudes about women.
C)become higher achievers as adults.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 56

Established men in a company often serve as mentors for incoming men,assisting them in their progression up the corporate ladder.This is called the

A)old-boy network.
B)testosterone elevator.
C)men's club.
D)glass ceiling.

Question 57

Meta-analysis of 76 studies of leadership effectiveness found differences between females and males' leadership effectiveness in

A)large corporations.
B)factories.
C)the military.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 58

A study of over 200 successful African-American women attorneys showed

A)their families and teachers had encouraged them to work hard.
B)they had benefited from having access to women role models.
C)they had benefited from having access to equal opportunity programs.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 59

High-achieving women

A)derive their sense of self from high-achieving fathers.
B)are more likely than less achieving women to have brothers.
C)tend to have an enriched view of women's responsibilities.
D)tend to be rebels against all forms of authority.

Question 60

Sexual harassment can be seen as a(n)

A)expression of men's formal power in the workplace.
B)reflection of the high status of women.
C)abuse of power.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 61

Sexism in the workplace is usually not direct or obvious.Discuss how "doing gender" in the workplace results in sex discrimination and disadvantages for women.

Question 62

Discuss some of the possible reasons women often do not feel entitled to equality and have low expectations for their career options.

Question 63

Describe the effects of mentors and role models on women.Which would you rather have-a mentor or a role model? Explain your answer.

Question 64

Summarize the effects on women and children of women balancing multiple roles.

Question 65

Women are expected to be more caring and supportive than men,yet their caring is simultaneously devalued.Discuss this statement,providing evidence to support it.

Question 66

Describe the typical experience of a female token in the workplace.How does this seem to differ from that of a male token?

Question 67

What are the effects of being a low-wage worker? Why are women more likely than men to be low-wage workers? Discuss the effects of the glass ceiling and the wage gap on women and their families.

Question 68

What is sexual harassment? Why is it problematic?

Question 69

Discuss the costs and benefits of a two-person career for women.

Question 70

Qualities of successful,high-achieving women include

A)the belief that they can do anything if they put their minds to it.
B)setting high standards for themselves.
C)a desire to be financially independent.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 71

Many women workers have suspected that their work has been judged less positively simply because it was done by a woman.Is there any psychological research that would justify that suspicion? Discuss.

Question 72

Elisa has just been hired as a secretary in a large corporation.Describe what she may face as a female in the workforce,why these problems exist,and what she can do about it.Include information from the text to support your answer.

Question 73

The director of an automobile manufacturer's assembly lines believes that only men should be promoted from assembly line worker to shift supervisor.The director says that research shows that many men do not like being supervised by women and,in addition,women are on average more concerned with workers' emotional well-being than with production.Criticize the director's policy.

Question 74

Discuss some of the ways that sexism affects women's job satisfaction and achievement.

Question 75

Describe some of the added strains on women-of-color in the workplace.

Question 76

After reading the chapter on work and achievement,how might you respond to the phrase "She's just a housewife"?

Question 77

What are the differences between horizontal and vertical sex segregation?

Question 78

Has housework become easier in the last 50 years? Why or why not?

Question 79

Describe the qualities of high-achieving,successful women.How are these women different from women who do not achieve in the workplace,and/or who do not feel able to pursue a true "career"?

Question 80

Why is it frequently difficult to see patterns of discrimination?