Deck 6: Gendered Identities: Childhood

Question 1

Recurring themes occurring throughout childhood as children learn about gender include

A)the child is an active agent of his or her gender socialization,copying behavior.
B)parents aware of how differently they treat sons and daughters.
C)pressure for conformity to gender norms on girls is stronger than on boys.
D)All the above are correct.

Answer 1

the child is an active agent of his or her gender socialization,copying behavior.

Question 2

Jamal's father is mowing the lawn.Jamal received a toy lawnmower for his birthday,and starts to follow his Father around the yard,"mowing." Jamil has learned through

A)speech.
B)biology.
C)cognition.
D)observation.

Answer 2

observation.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the development of gender is INCORRECT?

A)Male children are more valued than female children even in our own society.
B)Pressure for conformity to gender roles occurs earlier for boys than girls
C)Parents are aware of the extent they treat their sons and daughters differently.
D)Children actively participate in gender socialization.

Answer 3

Parents are aware of the extent they treat their sons and daughters differently.

Question 4

The understanding gender is permanent is called

A)social learning.
B)observational learning.
C)gender constancy.
D)gender segregation.

Question 5

The effects of reinforcement on gender development occur

A)whether or not the adult is deliberately trying to influence a child's behavior.
B)only when the adult is deliberately trying to influence a child's behavior.
C)only within the child's home.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 6

Once children have learned gender schema,they pay more attention to ________ models than _______ models.

A)same-gender;other-gender
B)preschool-aged;adult
C)gender-neutral;gender-typed
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 7

People who are highly gender-typed have a well-developed idea of gender and rely on it when they make sense of the world,making them

A)gender-aschematic.
B)gender-schematic.
C)female-selective.
D)relational.

Question 8

The idea children learn gender from their environment comes from

A)psychodynamic theory.
B)humanistic theory.
C)social learning theory.
D)Gestalt theory.

Question 9

Gender schema theory suggests which of the following categories of toys is much more likely to be found in boys' than girls' rooms?

A)vehicles
B)blocks
C)puzzles
D)male dolls

Question 10

By age two or three,children can identify their own sexes;however,they may believe

A)people other than themselves are asexual.
B)people can change sex by changing their hairstyles or clothing.
C)there is no reliable way to determine other people's sexes.
D)b and c

Question 11

From toddlerhood,boys and girls get different kinds and amounts of talk about

A)math.
B)gender roles.
C)play.
D)energy management.

Question 12

Learning gender-typed behavior is particularly easy for children when

A)they are exposed to adults other than their parents.
B)they have siblings.
C)parents set up gender-differentiated environments (e.g.bedrooms).
D)their parents are divorced.

Question 13

Meta-analysis revealed what about parental gender treatment of children?

A)overall,parents treat children similarly,across gender.
B)mothers were likely to encourage gender-typed play and activities.
C)fathers stereotype more than mothers.
D)no conclusions can be made.

Question 14

_____________ views gender typing as a way to organize the world based on gender associations.

A)Observational learning theory
B)Social learning theory
C)Gestalt theory
D)Gender schema theory

Question 15

Once children know they are and always will be one sex,they try to _________ the cultural expectations for people of their sex.

A)understand
B)match
C)avoid
D)explain

Question 16

In addition to learning through reinforcement,people learn through

A)imitation.
B)talking.
C)logic.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 17

Social learning theory states people learn characteristic behavior patterns through the process of

A)habituation.
B)reinforcement.
C)teleology.
D)entropy.

Question 18

study,children imitated aggressive behavior most

A)when the adult model was rewarded.
B)when the adult model was punished.
C)when no specific consequences followed.
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 19

People who are ______________ rely more on schemas besides those for gender.

A)gender-aschematic
B)gender-schematic
C)female-selective
D)relational

Question 20

______________________ uses a cognitive approach to explain gender typing

A)Observational learning theory
B)Social learning theory
C)Gestalt theory
D)Gender schema theory

Question 21

_______________ lead/s to selective attention and selective memory.

A)Gender constancy
B)Gender schemas
C)Imitation
D)Relational aggression

Question 22

Common recipes for determining whether a pregnant woman is going to have a boy or a girl include

A)carrying high for a boy and low for a girl.
B)the mother's pale complexion for a boy and rosy complexion for a girl.
C)low activity levels for male fetuses and high for female fetuses.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 23

With gender-neutral toys,like bicycles,manufacturers

A)are relying less and less on gender stereotypes.
B)create two versions-a pink,flowery bike for girls and a black,heavy-duty dirt bike for boys.
C)find a way to impose gender.
D)b and c.

Question 24

Halloween is a time when children can dress up to be anyone or anybody,

A)but most costumes are gender-stereotyped.
B)and most children take advantage of this to play against gender typing.
C)and more and more costume makers are creating gender-neutral costumes.
D)and it is often used to teach children gender typing is socially constructed.

Question 25

Hostile acts attempting to damage another person's relationships or social standing are called

A)hostile aggression.
B)scapegoat aggression.
C)segregational aggression.
D)relational aggression.

Question 26

When talking to their daughters as opposed to their sons,parents

A)used a greater number of emotion words.
B)used a lesser variety of emotion words.
C)mentioned sad aspects of events less.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 27

In modern children's books,

A)males are shown in a greater variety of roles and occupations than women.
B)gender stereotyping has declined.
C)men are rarely or never shown doing household chores.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 28

Body dissatisfaction is more common among _______________ girls than among _______________ girls.

A)white;black
B)black;white
C)white;biracial
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 29

Children across cultures seem to learn about aspects of gender through

A)imitation,gender schemas,gender constancy.
B)gender labels,gender polarities,gender constancy.
C)gender polarities,gender schemas,gender consistency.
D)gender schemas,gender constancy,gender consistency.

Question 30

Manifestations of the preference for sons over daughters around the world include instances of

A)neglect and starvation of girls in infancy.
B)selective abortions of female fetuses.
C)a greater number of female infanticides than male infanticides.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 31

Menstruation is associated in our society with

A)shame and disgust.
B)a normal,natural part of life.
C)an unacceptable topic of conversation.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 32

Gender stereotypes in girl's Halloween costumes is especially striking.Costumes tend to be ________________ while boys' emphasize ______________.

A)hostile aggression.
B)scapegoat aggression.
C)segregational aggression.
D)sexy or sweetly charming;violence and death

Question 33

Selective abortion of female fetuses

A)has been found only in China.
B)is consistent with cultural practices permitting female infanticide.
C)is officially sanctioned in India.
D)is never practiced in the U.S.

Question 34

Evidence of how taboo the subject of menstruation is evident around the world in the creative use of

A)gerunds.
B)glottal stops.
C)euphemisms.
D)metonymy.

Question 35

When they play alone,boys and girls' play styles are ____________,but when they play in groups,their play styles become ________________.

A)extremely gender-typed;less gender-typed
B)extremely divergent;similar
C)similar;increasingly gender-typed.
D)approval-oriented;less susceptible to outside influence

Question 36

In interactions with peers,boys,in comparison to girls,have been found to

A)attempt to influence boys but not girls.
B)use physical dominance more than verbal persuasion.
C)readily accept suggestions from boy but not girl play partners.
D)use verbal aggression against boys and girls equally,to get their way.

Question 37

Which of the following is TRUE about children and gender in the US?

A)Parents are usually okay with the fact they treat daughters and sons differently.
B)Children's gender understanding changes progressively,as they grow older.
C)Male children are generally more valued than female children.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 38

In groups,girls tend to use ___________ while boys rely more on ____________.

A)persuasion,cooperation,and negotiation;competition and dominance
B)cooperation;persuasion,competition,and negotiation
C)competition and persuasion;dominance and negotiation
D)teasing and scapegoating;persuasion and negotiation

Question 39

Girls may want to be tomboys because

A)they don't want to grow up.
B)they know they will never look like Barbie.
C)they are aware of the status advantages of men.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 40

Which of the following tendencies is a gender difference in play for children?

A)Boys play with violent video games and girls play with Barbie dolls.
B)Children avoid "opposite-gender" toys during preschool and elementary years.
C)Children express strong preferences for gender-typed toys.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 41

Cite evidence indicating maleness is more valued than femaleness.How does this different valuation affect children?

Question 42

When teenage girls are teased about breast development,they usually

A)find the teasing "all in fun."
B)become embarrassed or angry.
C)tease back.
D)are pleased because it means people are seeing them as "grown up."

Question 43

In what ways might you teach a child to resist gender? Be sure to provide examples and explain why you chose them.

Question 44

American child-rearing practices have been described as "The Pinks and the Blues" and "The Separate Worlds of Girls and Boys." Describe in detail relevant psychological research on differential socialization of girls and boys (birth to age 12).How does this prepare girls and boys for different adult roles? Can anyone "escape" this shaping?

Question 45

Increased pressure to conform to gender roles is called

A)maturation intensification.
B)gender intensification.
C)trafficking.
D)euphemistic role production.

Question 46

The act of stifling one's own feelings and thoughts so one can fit in and be seen as a nice girl is called

A)self-silencing.
B)self-debasement.
C)self-efficacy.
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 47

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of being a "tomboy."

Question 48

Regarding sexual harassment,which of the following is NOT true?

A)It usually occurs in isolated areas without other people around.
B)It is downplayed by teachers and school officials.
C)It is seldom addressed at the institutional level.
D)It often occurs without any obvious consequences to those doing the harassment.

Question 49

Why are girls at a disadvantage in mixed-sex settings in terms of communication and persuasion?

Question 50

How do race and class relate to gender typing? What factor(s)might account for this relationship?

Question 51

Cite research evidence ethnicity and class have an effect on gender-stereotyping.What theories explain these results?

Question 52

Compare and contrast social learning and cognitive development theories of gender identity development and acquisition of gender-typed behaviors.Include examples of research cited in the textbook for both.

Question 53

Does parental ideology about gender roles influence children's behavior? Cite evidence to support your answer.

Question 54

If you were to decide to raise a child to be gender aschematic,how would you best go about it?

Question 55

Although the gendering process is difficult to avoid,some females manage to resist it.Discuss various ways a girl may attempt to fight the gendering process.Is this resistance detrimental to the girl's psychological well-being?

Question 56

What kinds of conflicts do adolescent girls face regarding the messages they get from society about maturation vs.attractiveness? How do most girls respond to these conflicts,and why do they have those responses?

Question 57

What evidence exists to show boys have more social status and power than girls do?

Question 58

Girls' dissatisfaction with how they look

A)is worse than boys' dissatisfaction since boys gain muscle rather than fat.
B)is linked to the rapid and normal weight gain of puberty.
C)is worse than boys' dissatisfaction since girls are more likely to defined by their physical selves.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 59

Explain the difference between a gender label and a gender schema.

Question 60

Various aspects of gender are not highly correlated with sex,nor do they emerge at birth as an integral whole.Becoming gendered appears to require a great deal of work.Discuss how cognition and social learning affect the development of gender.

Question 61

What problems are associated with our society's absence of information and conspiracy of silence concerning menstruation?

Question 62

Summarize research on and effects of the preference for sons in the U.S.and cross-culturally.

Question 63

Describe gender segregation,why it happens,and how it affects both boys and girls.Include in your answer both positive and negative aspects of self-segregation.

Question 64

Discuss the self-silencing that occurs in girls during adolescence.How general is it? What factors affect it? How may it represent a form of resistance? How do some groups of girls resist silencing? Were you (or if you are a man,are you aware of how females around you were)affected by this phenomenon?

Question 65

Describe the ways children themselves maintain boundaries and uphold segregation between the sexes.