Deck 24: Progress and Its Discontents

Question 1

The widespread nature of anti-Semitism was due to which of the following factors?

A)It was part of a wider attack on liberalism.
B)Jews appeared to symbolize liberal, capitalist society.
C)Nationalists viewed Jews as a threat to national traditions.
D)Social Darwinism encouraged it.
E)All these answers are correct.

Answer 1

All these answers are correct.

Question 2

Which of the following was NOT an advance in scientific research in the late nineteenth century?

A)Pasteur discovered the technique of pasteurization.
B)Pasteur discovered the vaccine against rabies.
C)Lister discovered how to kill germs with carbolic acid.
D)Lister discovered the vaccine for tuberculosis.
E)Koch discovered the microorganism responsible for tuberculosis.

Answer 2

Lister discovered the vaccine for tuberculosis.

Question 3

A critical feature of the second industrial revolution was

A)the discovery and exploitation of new coal deposits.
B)the development of new technologies such as electricity.
C)agricultural prosperity.
D)that it occurred during a period of general economic boom.
E)that it occurred during a period of recession.

Answer 3

the development of new technologies such as electricity.

Question 4

Social Darwinism

A)applied Darwin's ideas to society.
B)ignored crucial parts of Darwin's theories.
C)became linked to theories of genetics.
D)was used to justify competition in markets or between nations.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 5

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe life during the Belle Epoque?

A)Workers had more time for leisure.
B)Workers' leisure time decreased but the leisure time of the upper classes increased.
C)Women increasingly participated in public forms of leisure.
D)The rise in wages allowed more people to access leisure activities.
E)Sports, film, and mass media won larger audiences.

Question 6

Which was probably NOT a part of popular culture at the end of the nineteenth century?

A)theatrical entertainments
B)the decadent movement in literature and the arts
C)professional soccer
D)mass journalism
E)novels

Question 7

Which of the following did nineteenth-century anarchists see as their chief enemy?

A)religion
B)pacifists
C)the state
D)trade unions
E)the First International

Question 8

The revolt of the Paris Commune, crushed by government forces in 1871,

A)was the first major uprising in Europe to attempt to establish a socialist state.
B)weakened the French state so that it was defeated by the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War.
C)showed that the forces of the left were considerably more ruthless than those of the right.
D)became a symbol of open class struggle for socialists and radicals across Europe.
E)put an end to hopes among workers for revolution.

Question 9

Pope Leo XIII

A)condemned private property.
B)recognized the right of the workers to organize.
C)warned the state against favoring the undeserving poor.
D)urged the masses to accept capitalism.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 10

The Vatican Council of 1869-1870

A)advised the pope to come to terms with modern civilization.
B)issued a statement approving the values of capitalist society.
C)proclaimed the dogma of papal infallibility.
D)acknowledged the exclusive authority of the state over its citizens.
E)issued a statement concerning Bismarck's anti-Catholic policies.

Question 11

The demographic transition that took place between 1870 and 1914 involved

A)a sharp rise in the death rate.
B)an increase in the birthrate.
C)higher population growth in Europe.
D)movement from urban to rural areas.
E)a decline in death and birth rates.

Question 12

The sluggish rate of British economic growth in the late nineteenth century was in part the result of

A)outdated plants and equipment.
B)too much emphasis on technical education at the expense of scientific research.
C)loss of empire.
D)rapid adoption of experimental techniques in manufacturing.
E)the standard of living debate.

Question 13

Working women in the late nineteenth century found it hard to organize because

A)of employers' resistance.
B)of opposition from male-dominated unions.
C)women had no knowledge of how to create organizations.
D)middle class women organized to prevent unions.
E)of both employers' resistance and opposition from male-dominated unions.

Question 14

By the 1910s, women

A)had gained significant access to higher education.
B)had moved into the growing field of social work.
C)dominated certain fields, such as teaching and clerical work.
D)benefited from the passing of legislation on families.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 15

Karl Marx argued that

A)as industrialization progresses, the middle class will become larger.
B)the class which controls the means of production determines society's laws, values, and cultural forms.
C)in the future post-capitalist society, the state will ensure that all people are treated equally.
D)the middle class was anti-progressive.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true of Germany's spectacular economic expansion following unification?

A)The acquisition of Alsace-Lorraine provided Germany with more raw materials.
B)German factories had the latest and most efficient equipment.
C)Germany concentrated its marketing efforts within its own borders.
D)The educational system played an important role in supplying the talent needed by the commercial sector.
E)The government played an active role in encouraging business.

Question 17

Karl Marx exerted a lasting influence because

A)his vision of the future was so clearly laid out that there was little occasion for disagreement among his followers.
B)he simplified historical analysis by focusing on politics rather than economics or culture.
C)he gave those outraged by social injustice the sense that they were on the side of history.
D)he rejected technological and industrial development.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 18

In the late nineteenth century, the arts as an expression of European civilization

A)attained a unity of forms and styles indicative of a common European culture and values.
B)saw remarkably similar trends develop in different forms of art and architecture.
C)benefited from a larger and more sophisticated audience.
D)saw the emergence of an international style.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 19

Karl Marx argued that the dialectical process of history

A)works through ideas that constitute the spirit of the age.
B)was determined by economic forces and class conflict.
C)was the working out of a divine plan.
D)depended on great leaders.
E)depended upon Social Darwinism.

Question 20

The theories of Charles Darwin, arguing that species evolve through time, were

A)based on rational analysis rather than evidence or observation.
B)easily accepted by Christians as compatible with faith.
C)without precedent or parallel in the intellectual world of the nineteenth century.
D)used to justify competition and domination among nations and social classes.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 21

After 1870 it can be argued that the standard of living for most Europeans was improving significantly for the first time since the industrial revolution began.What evidence is there to support this assessment? If it was truly the case that Europeans were better off, how do you account for the rising social unrest of the decades before 1914?

Question 22

Outline the major ideas of Karl Marx.Discuss the theoretical and practical implications of Marxism, and why the movement had such appeal in the nineteenth century.

Question 23

After the Revolution of 1905 in Russia,

A)the tsar's powers of appointment and decision-making were curtailed.
B)the government tried to strengthen the village-communal system of agriculture in order to improve conditions of the peasants.
C)workers were granted new rights to welfare and participation.
D)Russia at last adopted the Western model of representative assemblies and political parties.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 24

Britain's success in representative government rested upon

A)the reluctance of the working class to strike.
B)a homogenous population without religious or ethnic differences.
C)a strong two-party system to channel political action.
D)an aristocracy that willingly handed over its power.
E)All these answers are correct.

Question 25

In Germany after the fall of Bismarck,

A)the right-wing tried to foster support through the creation of political leagues.
B)the popular Social Democratic Party lost influence in government.
C)the government abandoned much of the social welfare legislation that Bismarck had created.
D)the authoritarian, Prussian-dominated system was liberalized under pressures from the other parts of Germany.
E)the popular Social Democratic Party lost influence in government, and the government abandoned much of the social welfare legislation that Bismarck had created.

Question 26

The most important cultural development of the nineteenth century was the rise of the middle class and the general adoption of its values.What were these values and how did they come to dominate a society in which aristocrats still had so much political and social control?

Question 27

What kinds of entertainment are pictured in the images found in this chapter? What kinds of social classes would have participated in those forms of entertainment?

Question 28

Which best describes the Third Republic in France?

A)It was one of the most progressive states in Europe in its social welfare policies.
B)It had a strong executive.
C)Issues of church-state relations had been largely resolved.
D)It survived because it was a regime of compromise.
E)It was plagued by instability.

Question 29

Explain the relationship between industrialization, consumerism, and sport.

Question 30

What aspects of the Paris Commune of 1870 were reminiscent of the sans-culottes of the French Revolution? How does the Paris Commune continue to reflect divisions in France between the capital and the provinces?

Question 31

Spain before 1914 might be described as

A)the least liberal European government after Russia.
B)one of the most effectively centralized governments on the continent.
C)a country that used foreign and imperial adventures to build support at home.
D)a country with a tradition of parliamentarianism that balanced the power of other groups.
E)anti-monarchical.

Question 32

Compare the histories of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Spain in the decades before 1914.In what ways do the three states reveal common problems faced by late nineteenth-century governments in the era of the liberal nation-state?

Question 33

The table pictured in this chapter utilizes the mail as an indicator of modernization and lists several factors associated with such a measure.What other factors could be added to this list?

Question 34

In 1900, which of the following parties was founded in Britain?

A)the Conservative party
B)the Labour party
C)the Liberal party
D)the Whig party
E)the Socialist party

Question 35

The demographic transition refers to a period in which most nations of Europe experienced major population growth, declining birthrates, and massive emigration.How do you account for this seemingly anomalous combination of demographic characteristics? What were some of its implications?

Question 36

Why would irrationalism and anti-Semitism appeal to many aristocrats, the lower middle class, agricultural workers, and many Christians in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Question 37

Why was the Vatican Council of 1869 called? At what positions did it arrive, and what do they demonstrate about the Catholic faith and the role of religion in European society in the late nineteenth century?

Question 38

By the late nineteenth century, liberal ideology and society were clearly under attack from a number of sides.What were those attacks and their origins? Who did the attacks seek to mobilize? What effect did they have on governments?

Question 39

Charles Darwin's influence was not limited to science, but extended to social theory as well.How were Darwin's ideas translated into social theory, and what movements in European political and economic life were they used to support?

Question 40

All EXCEPT which of the following was a goal of those participating in the Russian Revolution of 1905?

A)a national constitution
B)the recognition of labor unions
C)abdication of the tsar
D)the granting of civil liberties
E)reform

Question 41

Study the illustrations depicting women in this chapter.In what kinds of activities do you see women taking part? Do you find signs of progress and change or tradition in those activities?

Question 42

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: positivism.

Question 43

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Charles Darwin.

Question 44

Review the feature entitled "The Argument of Anti-Semitism" in this chapter.What myths does this argument rely on and what myths does it perpetuate?

Question 45

Review the feature entitled "Huxley's Social Darwinism" in this chapter.How does Social Darwinism misapply Darwin's original theory of natural selection?

Question 46

Review the feature entitled "Huxley's Social Darwinism" in this chapter.How do the laws of natural selection apply to a humankind capable of "building up an artificial world"?

Question 47

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: James Maxwell.

Question 48

Review the feature entitled "Huxley's Social Darwinism" in this chapter.What do you think Huxley meant by "millions of years of severe training"?

Question 49

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: pasteurization.

Question 50

Review the feature entitled "The Argument of Anti-Semitism" in this chapter.Explain the influence of romanticism and nationalism in this passage.

Question 51

Review the feature entitled "The Argument of Anti-Semitism" in this chapter.How would you critique this passage? Do you find any internal inconsistencies or historical inaccuracies or oversights?

Question 52

Review the feature entitled "Making the Deals That Created a Cartel" in this chapter.What kinds of business practices would a cartel likely lead to? Will those practices also reflect a concern for social welfare?

Question 53

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: demographic transition.

Question 54

Review the feature entitled "Emmeline Pankhurst on Women's Rights" in this chapter.What were the specific policies and laws of the "new legislation"?

Question 55

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: proletariat.

Question 56

Review the feature entitled "Emmeline Pankhurst on Women's Rights" in this chapter.What did Pankhurst mean by the phrase "the last fight for human freedom"?

Question 57

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Karl Marx.

Question 58

What do the photos and illustrations found in this chapter reveal about politics and social classes around the turn of the century? How would Marx interpret these scenes?

Question 59

Review the feature entitled "Making the Deals That Created a Cartel" in this chapter.How did the formation of this cartel reflect sound business strategy and concern for social welfare?

Question 60

Review the feature entitled "Emmeline Pankhurst on Women's Rights" in this chapter.What roles do you think Pankhurst envisioned for women in politics, society, and the household?

Question 61

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Auguste Comte.

Question 62

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Belle Epoque.

Question 63

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Paris Commune.

Question 64

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Herbert Spencer.

Question 65

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: dialectical materialism.

Question 66

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Alexander III.

Question 67

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: thermodynamics.

Question 68

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Friedrich Nietzsche.

Question 69

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Francesco Crispi.

Question 70

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Naturalism.

Question 71

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: evolution.

Question 72

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Social Darwinism.

Question 73

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Dreyfus affair.

Question 74

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: sociology.

Question 75

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: anarchism.

Question 76

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Dmitry Mendeleev.

Question 77

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: the Communist Manifesto.

Question 78

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: October Manifesto.

Question 79

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Georges Sorel.

Question 80

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Eduard Bernstein.