Question 1

The competition for overseas commercial empires in the eighteenth century was primarily between&#10;A)France and Spain.&#10;B)Britain and Spain.&#10;C)Britain and France.&#10;D)Russia and Britain.&#10;E)West Africa and Portugal.

Accepted Answer

The competition for overseas commercial empires in the eighteenth century was primarily between Britain and France, as both nations were major colonial powers and sought dominance in territories such as North America, India, and the Caribbean. While Spain also had colonies and trading posts overseas, it had been in decline since the sixteenth century and was not a significant rival in the eighteenth century. Russia did not begin its expansionist policies until the late eighteenth century, and West Africa was primarily colonized by European powers in the late nineteenth century.

Question 2

Mortality rates of slaves during the Middle Passage ranged from&#10;A)ten to fifty percent.&#10;B)one to five percent.&#10;C)fifty percent or higher.&#10;D)twenty to seventy-five percent.&#10;E)one to two percent.

Accepted Answer

Mortality rates during the Middle Passage, the journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas, were horrifically high, often ranging from ten to fifty percent due to brutal conditions, disease, and abuse.

Question 3

The enclosure movement&#10;A)required acts of Parliament.&#10;B)displaced the rural poor.&#10;C)eradicated the open-field village.&#10;D)benefited large landowners.&#10;E)All these answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

The enclosure movement required acts of Parliament, displaced the rural poor, eradicated the open-field village, and benefited large landowners. All of these answers are correct.

Question 4

Among the barriers to industrialization in early modern Europe were&#10;A)old-fashioned and inflexible business practices.&#10;B)small markets.&#10;C)cultural attitudes.&#10;D)guild and government restrictions.&#10;E)All these answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

All these options (A, B, C, D) represent barriers to industrialization in early modern Europe. Old-fashioned business practices, small markets, cultural attitudes, and guild and government restrictions all played a role in hindering the development and spread of industrial practices during this period.

Question 5

The most important outcome(s) of the Seven Years' War was/were the&#10;A)formation of a rigid European alliance system.&#10;B)return of Silesia to Austria.&#10;C)loss of French Canada to Britain.&#10;D)exclusion of French troops from the Indian subcontinent.&#10;E)loss of French Canada to Britain and exclusion of French troops from the Indian subcontinent.

Accepted Answer

The Seven Years' War resulted in two significant outcomes. The first was the loss of French Canada to Britain, which had important implications for the balance of power in North America. The second outcome was the exclusion of French troops from the Indian subcontinent, which removed a major source of tension between Britain and France in that region. The other options are not as significant or relevant to the Seven Years' War.

Question 6

Peasant life in eighteenth-century western Europe was characterized by&#10;A)close and cordial relations with local landlords.&#10;B)vulnerability to rising taxes and rents.&#10;C)a willingness to try experimental farming techniques.&#10;D)the confinement of women to household activities.&#10;E)peasants owning adequate land for their needs.

Accepted Answer

Peasants in eighteenth-century western Europe were highly vulnerable to rising taxes and rents, which made their lives difficult and uncertain. This was due to various economic and political factors, including the increased demand for money to fund wars and the consolidation of power among the ruling classes.

Answer: D 
 Women in peasant households were generally confined to traditional roles associated with household activities, such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare. They had limited opportunities for education or participation in public life and were subject to the male-dominated social hierarchy of the time.

Question 7

In the eighteenth century, the principal economic activity of the Netherlands was&#10;A)banking and finance.&#10;B)cloth manufacturing.&#10;C)tulip cultivation.&#10;D)maritime commerce.&#10;E)grain production.

Accepted Answer

In the eighteenth century, the Netherlands had already established a strong banking and financial system, which played a significant role in the country's economy. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange was one of the most important financial centers in Europe, and the Dutch East India Company was a major player in the global trade. The country's prosperity relied heavily on these financial activities. While cloth manufacturing and maritime commerce were also important, they were not the principal economic activity of the Netherlands during this period. Tulip cultivation was a significant economic activity during the Dutch Golden Age in the seventeenth century but had declined by the eighteenth century. Grain production was not a major economic activity in the Netherlands due to its limited agricultural land.

Question 8

In Eastern Europe, agricultural production was carried out by&#10;A)landless peasants who worked as a migrant labor force.&#10;B)free peasants farming their own land.&#10;C)serfs who paid rent to a lord in exchange for land.&#10;D)serfs whose freedoms were severely circumscribed by their lord.&#10;E)displaced urban workers.

Accepted Answer

Serfs were legally bound to the land they worked on and were under the jurisdiction of their lord. They were not free to leave and had to pay various dues and services to their lord. They had limited freedoms and were not considered to be free peasants.

Question 9

French and British colonial policies were similar in all but which of the following ways?&#10;A)Both ran their colonies with tight supervision from the home country.&#10;B)Both regulated trade in accordance with the principals of mercantilism.&#10;C)Both increased naval power to protect their colonial trade.&#10;D)Both were heavily dependent on slavery.&#10;E)Both regulated trade in accordance with the principals of mercantilism and both increased naval power to protect their colonial trade.

Accepted Answer

French colonial policy was notably different from British in terms of direct supervision. The French often employed a more indirect rule, allowing local leaders to maintain some degree of authority, whereas the British were more inclined towards direct administration and control from the home country.

Question 10

In most parts of eighteenth-century Europe except England, birth rates&#10;A)rose rapidly because of earlier marriages.&#10;B)fell because of a desire to protect property.&#10;C)probably remained stable.&#10;D)rose rapidly because of better hygiene.&#10;E)None of these answers is correct.

Accepted Answer

There is no evidence to suggest that birth rates increased or decreased significantly in most parts of Europe during the eighteenth century. While some populations may have experienced slight shifts in birth rates, overall the trend appears to have been relatively stable. Factors such as economic conditions, social norms, and cultural attitudes towards family size likely contributed to this stability.

Question 11

Which of the following was NOT an impact of inflation in France in the eighteenth century?&#10;A)rents rose, benefiting landlords&#10;B)wages failed to keep up with rising costs&#10;C)manufacturing profits fell as the cost of raw material rose&#10;D)poorer tenant farmers were forced off the land&#10;E)workers suffered as wages remained low

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following was NOT an...

Question 12

Which numbers best describe Europe's population growth from 1730 to 1800?&#10;A)120 million to 180 million&#10;B)100 million to 150 million&#10;C)175 million to 250 million&#10;D)50 million to 125 million&#10;E)7.5 million to 11 million

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which numbers best describe Europe's population growth...

Question 13

The putting-out system proved inadequate to mass production because&#10;A)the quality of the work was invariably poor.&#10;B)laborers refused to travel to the city with their products.&#10;C)merchants could not adequately control the laborers.&#10;D)laborers could not adequately control their wages.&#10;E)All these answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The putting-out system proved inadequate to mass...

Question 14

Which of the following was NOT true of the protoindustrial period?&#10;A)It was heavily dependent on the agrarian sector for labor.&#10;B)It contributed to rural incomes.&#10;C)It strengthened connections between cities and countryside.&#10;D)It led to significant technological improvements and advances in productivity.&#10;E)It increased rural families' demands for products and services.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following was NOT true...

Question 15

Which of the following was the most important factor in increasing agricultural productivity in eighteenth-century England?&#10;A)the development of artificial fertilizer&#10;B)the development of a new breed of sheep&#10;C)enclosure&#10;D)the extension of the open field system&#10;E)All of these were equally important factors.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following was the most...

Question 16

Which of the following inventors improved the steam engine?&#10;A)Arkwright&#10;B)Watt&#10;C)Cartwright&#10;D)Townshend&#10;E)Jethro Tull

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following inventors improved the...

Question 17

Convertible husbandry describes&#10;A)new techniques of cotton spinning.&#10;B)the process of maintaining open fields.&#10;C)a system of crop rotation that improved fertility.&#10;D)a system of improving fertility by leaving certain fields fallow.&#10;E)a system of raising livestock.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Convertible husbandry describes&#10;A)new techniques of cotton spinning.&#10;B)the...

Question 18

The factory system was first introduced in which industry?&#10;A)cotton spinning&#10;B)wool textiles&#10;C)ironworks&#10;D)cotton weaving&#10;E)coal mining

Accepted Answer

The answer of The factory system was first introduced in...

Question 19

Mercantilism entailed&#10;A)state regulation of trade.&#10;B)competition with other states.&#10;C)promoting a favorable balance of trade.&#10;D)both state regulation of trade and promoting a favorable balance of trade.&#10;E)All these answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mercantilism entailed&#10;A)state regulation of trade.&#10;B)competition with other...

Question 20

Which of the following did NOT contribute to England's advantage over France in the advance of industrialization?&#10;A)an efficient transportation system&#10;B)the equal division of land among the heirs to noble families&#10;C)religious toleration&#10;D)better financial institutions&#10;E)the custom of primogeniture

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following did NOT contribute...

Question 21

Review the feature entitled &#34;Laissez-Faire Ideology&#34; in this chapter.What assumptions are implied by the following statement: &#34;By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.&#34;

Accepted Answer

The answer of Review the feature entitled &#34;Laissez-Faire Ideology&#34; in...

Question 22

What developments during the eighteenth and preceding centuries would lead Europeans to believe in the superiority of their way of life and their duty to impose it in their various colonies?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What developments during the eighteenth and preceding...

Question 23

Britain defeated France in the French and Indian War because&#10;A)Britain had the support of the native Indian population.&#10;B)Britain was superior at sea.&#10;C)Britain had superior military forces.&#10;D)the French were spread thinly in North America.&#10;E)All these answers are correct.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Britain defeated France in the French and...

Question 24

Discuss the role of unfree labor in the eighteenth century economy of Europe and its New World colonies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the role of unfree labor in...

Question 25

In view of the new agricultural techniques that were developed over the course of the eighteenth century, how do you explain the difficulties in which French agriculture found itself on the eve of the Revolution? Why were there food shortages and peasant unrest?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In view of the new agricultural techniques...

Question 26

Historians now think that the population expansion in Europe in the eighteenth century was the result of declining death rates, rather than rising birthrates.What factors led to a slight decrease in mortality, and what factors prevented more children from being born?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Historians now think that the population expansion...

Question 27

Review the feature entitled &#34;The Condition of the Serfs in Russia&#34; in this chapter.How were the conditions of the serfs similar to those of workers in a factory? How did they differ?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Review the feature entitled &#34;The Condition of...

Question 28

Consider map 18.2.How did the Anglo-French rivalry, and colonialism in general, represent an extension of European state-building during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider map 18.2.How did the Anglo-French rivalry,...

Question 29

How were Indians and Europeans portrayed in the painting found in this chapter?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How were Indians and Europeans portrayed in...

Question 30

The British governed India by&#10;A)creating a class of Indian landlords.&#10;B)employing Indian clerks, runners, and translators.&#10;C)allowing self-rule.&#10;D)creating a class of Indian landlords and allowing self-rule.&#10;E)creating a class of Indian landlords and employing Indian clerks, runners, and translators.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The British governed India by&#10;A)creating a class...

Question 31

Why did England undergo industrialization first among the European countries?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why did England undergo industrialization first among...

Question 32

Review the feature entitled &#34;Richard Arkwright's Achievement&#34; in this chapter.How is the industrialist (in this case Richard Arkwright) portrayed in this passage? How is the factory worker portrayed? What are the difficulties that the factory owner must overcome?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Review the feature entitled &#34;Richard Arkwright's Achievement&#34;...

Question 33

What do the illustrations found in this chapter tell us about the conditions peasants faced on the Continent?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What do the illustrations found in this...

Question 34

How did the port of Bristol, shown in this chapter, symbolize the growth of capitalism and the mercantilist philosophy of Europe in the eighteenth century?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How did the port of Bristol, shown...

Question 35

Review the feature entitled &#34;Laissez-Faire Ideology&#34; in this chapter.What is the invisible hand? What position does Smith take on regulation of the economy?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Review the feature entitled &#34;Laissez-Faire Ideology&#34; in...

Question 36

Review the feature entitled &#34;Richard Arkwright's Achievement&#34; in this chapter.What, according to this passage, was one of the major problems associated with the introduction of the factory system?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Review the feature entitled &#34;Richard Arkwright's Achievement&#34;...

Question 37

How does the painting in this chapter of artisanal tradecraft portray the putting-out system? Why does the artist only portray women in this painting?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does the painting in this chapter...

Question 38

Discuss the apparent advantages that France had over Britain in the first half of the eighteenth century.In the light of this, how do you explain Britain's victory over France in the mid-century struggle for empire?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the apparent advantages that France had...

Question 39

What conditions were necessary for an industrial revolution? What factors prevented an industrial revolution from taking place prior to the late eighteenth century? What changes occurred in the eighteenth century that made it possible to overcome these impediments?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What conditions were necessary for an industrial...

Question 40

What social problems resulted from mechanization/automation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What social problems resulted from mechanization/automation?...

Question 41

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: laissez-faire.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 42

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: seigneurialism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 43

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: London East India Company.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 44

Review the feature entitled &#34;A British Defense of Slavery and the Plantation Economy&#34; in this chapter.How is slavery beneficial in the eyes of this author?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Review the feature entitled &#34;A British Defense...

Question 45

Review the feature entitled &#34;A British Defense of Slavery and the Plantation Economy&#34; in this chapter.How is the slave depicted as both a product and as a tool in the process of production?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Review the feature entitled &#34;A British Defense...

Question 46

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: nawab.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 47

Review the feature entitled &#34;A British Defense of Slavery and the Plantation Economy&#34; in this chapter.How does this passage use triangular trade as a justification for slavery?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Review the feature entitled &#34;A British Defense...

Question 48

Review the feature entitled &#34;The Condition of the Serfs in Russia&#34; in this chapter.Why was the author imprisoned by Catherine the Great?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Review the feature entitled &#34;The Condition of...

Question 49

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: India Act of 1784.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 50

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: open-field system.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 51

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: William Pitt.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 52

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: triangular trade.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 53

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: commercial empires.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 54

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Richard Arkwright.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 55

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: sepoys.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 56

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: profit inflation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 57

Review the feature entitled &#34;The Condition of the Serfs in Russia&#34; in this chapter.What is Alexander Radischev's complaint? Is he calling for the abolition of serfdom or for retaining the traditional practices of serfdom?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Review the feature entitled &#34;The Condition of...

Question 58

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Adam Smith.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 59

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: French and Indian War.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 60

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Ohio Company of Virginia.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 61

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Treaty of Paris.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 62

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: Middle Passage.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 63

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: mercantilism.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Question 64

Identify/define and explain the significance of the following: convertible husbandry.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify/define and explain the significance of the...

Deck 18: The Wealth of Nations