Deck 18: Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production

Question 1

The initial stage of the digestion of protein is catalyzed by an enzyme called ________.

A)chymotrypsin
B)peptidase
C)pepsin
D)amylase
E)trypsin

Answer 1

pepsin

Question 2

Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the ________.

A)mouth
B)stomach
C)pancreas
D)small intestine
E)large intestine

Answer 2

mouth

Question 3

The first stage of catabolism is ________.

A)the citric acid cycle
B)production of pyruvate
C)production of acetyl-CoA
D)buildup of macromolecules from monomers
E)digestion of large molecules

Answer 3

digestion of large molecules

Question 4

The components of ATP are ________.

A)adenosine,ribose,and three phosphate groups
B)aniline and three phosphate groups
C)alanine,ribose,and three phosphate groups
D)adenine,ribose,and three phosphate groups
E)adenosine,deoxyribose,and three phosphate groups

Question 5

How many main stages of catabolism are there?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)five

Question 6

The citric acid cycle takes place in the ________.

A)mitochondria
B)cytosol
C)cytoplasm
D)Golgi apparatus
E)endoplasmic reticulum

Question 7

The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is ________.

A)endothermic
B)exothermic
C)isothermic
D)an oxidation
E)a reduction

Question 8

The middle stage of catabolism is the point at which ________.

A)acetyl-CoA is produced
B)monomers are produced from macromolecules
C)macromolecules are made from monomers
D)glycogen is converted to glucose
E)excess nutrients are stored as fats

Question 9

The digestion of protein begins in the ________.

A)mouth
B)stomach
C)small intestine
D)large intestine
E)pancreas

Question 10

An enzyme that can facilitate the breakdown of amylose into smaller units is ________.

A)glucose phosphatase
B)alcohol dehydrogenase
C)amylase
D)lactase
E)maltase

Question 11

The reactions by which complex molecules are built up for the body's use are ________.

A)transmission reactions
B)catabolic reactions
C)anabolic reactions
D)glucogenesis
E)gluconeogenesis

Question 12

The reactions by which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones for the body's use are ________.

A)transmission reactions
B)catabolic reactions
C)anabolic reactions
D)glucogenesis
E)gluconeogenesis

Question 13

Overall,catabolic reactions ________.

A)release energy
B)take in energy
C)occur mainly in the liver
D)occur outside the cell membrane
E)take place in the nucleus of the cell

Question 14

Which of the three major stages of metabolism includes the citric acid cycle?

A)stage one
B)stage two
C)stage three

Question 15

The main compound used to release energy for metabolism is ________.

A)sucrose
B)glucose phosphate
C)adenosine triphosphate
D)ribonucleic acid
E)NAD⁺

Question 16

The digestion of fats begins when the fat globules are ________.

A)emulsified by bile salts
B)attacked by protease enzymes to form smaller fat globules
C)converted to lipoproteins for greater solubility
D)hydrolyzed to glucose and amino acids
E)hydrolyzed to glycerol and fatty acids

Question 17

The final products of catabolic reactions are ________.

A)carbon dioxide,water,and ammonia
B)glucose,lipids,and glycogen
C)lipids,oxygen,and water
D)RNA and DNA
E)lipids and carbohydrates

Question 18

Anabolic reactions are reactions that ________.

A)use oxidation but not reduction
B)break down large molecules into smaller ones
C)take place in the mitochondria
D)require energy
E)give off energy

Question 19

The digestion of fats begins in the ________.

A)mouth
B)stomach
C)small intestine
D)gall bladder
E)large intestine

Question 20

Protein synthesis takes place ________.

A)in the mitochondria
B)on the endoplasmic reticulum
C)in the nucleus
D)on the ribosomes
E)in the cytosol

Question 21

When oxygen is in plentiful supply in the cell,pyruvate is converted to ________.

A)CoA
B)acetyl-CoA
C)glucose
D)lactate
E)fructose

Question 22

Which of the following metabolic pathways can occur in the absence of oxygen?

A)electron transport
B)oxidative phosphorylation
C)citric acid cycle
D)glycolysis
E)β-oxidation

Question 23

The action of pancreatic lipase on triacylglycerols produces ________.

A)emulsions
B)micelles
C)monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids
D)high-density lipoproteins
E)low-density lipoproteins

Question 24

NAD⁺ participates in reactions that produce ________.

A)a CH₂ group
B)a C =O bond
C)phosphorylation
D)ADP from ATP
E)a C-C bond

Question 25

In the process of glycolysis,glucose is converted to ________.

A)pyruvate
B)citrate
C)sucrose
D)oxaloacetate
E)ribose

Question 26

Which coenzyme is reduced in the following reaction?

A)FAD
B) NAD⁺
C)CoQ
D)NADH
E) FADH₂

Question 27

A chylomicron is a ________.

A)lipase
B)digestive enzyme
C)triacylglycerol
D)transport lipoprotein
E)storage protein

Question 28

FAD is a coenzyme which usually participates in ________.

A)oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes
B)formation of carbon-carbon double bonds
C)decarboxylation reactions
D)phosphorylation reactions
E)β-oxidation reactions

Question 29

Glycolysis is a(n)________ process.

A)aerobic
B)anaerobic
C)anabolic
D)one-step
E)five-step

Question 30

In biochemical systems,the term reduction often refers to ________.

A)a loss of hydrogen or electrons by a compound
B)a gain of hydrogen or electrons by a compound
C)a gain in oxygen
D)a loss of electrons
E)an energy-releasing reaction

Question 31

The enzymes that break down triacylglycerols into fatty acids and glycerol are called ________.

A)lyases
B)aconitases
C)lipases
D)hydrolases
E)oxidoreductases

Question 32

Fatty acids and glycerol are produced from the metabolism of ________.

A)lipids
B)proteins
C)carbohydrates
D)amino acids
E)glucose

Question 33

The compounds formed when fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split are ________.

A)pyruvic acid and lactic acid
B)ethanol and acetyl-CoA
C)dihydroxyacetone phosphate and pyruvic acid
D)dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
E)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and pyruvic acid

Question 34

In the absence of oxygen in muscles,pyruvate is converted to ________.

A)glycogen
B)glucose
C)ethanol
D)lactate
E)glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 35

The overall process of glycolysis ________.

A)requires oxygen
B)uses up 4 ATP molecules
C)requires acetyl-CoA
D)is an anabolic pathway
E)produces 2 ATP molecules

Question 36

Coenzyme A is a molecule whose function is to ________.

A)activate enzyme A
B)undergo phosphorylation
C)provide energy for the citric acid cycle
D)activate acyl groups for reaction
E)help break down macromolecules

Question 37

Under anaerobic conditions,lactate is produced from ________.

A)acetyl-CoA
B)pyruvate
C)ATP
D)carbon dioxide
E)NAD⁺

Question 38

Under aerobic conditions,pyruvate produced in glycolysis can be converted to ________.

A)glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
B)lactic acid
C)glucose-6-phosphate
D)fructose-6-phosphate
E)acetyl-CoA

Question 39

Which coenzyme is reduced in the following reaction?

A)FAD
B)
C)CoQ
D)NADH
E)

Question 40

When one glucose molecule undergoes glycolysis it generates ________.

A)6 ATP
B)6 ATP and 2 NADH
C)2 ATP and 2 NADH
D)2 ATP and 4 NADH
E)12 ATP

Question 41

The citric acid cycle is used in the oxidation of ________.

A)glucose only
B)glucose and fatty acids only
C)fatty acids only
D)glucose,fatty acids,and proteins
E)proteins only

Question 42

In order to enter the citric acid cycle,pyruvate is first converted to ________.

A)lactate
B)acetaldehyde
C)citrate
D)acetyl-CoA
E)ethanol

Question 43

Each acetyl-CoA produces a total of ________ ATP.

A)2
B)6
C)10
D)12
E)24

Question 44

In the first reaction of the citric acid cycle ________.

A)glucose becomes pyruvate
B)ATP is produced
C)NADH is produced
D)acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to give citrate
E)pyruvate becomes CO₂ and H₂O

Question 45

In glycolysis,glucose produces 2 pyruvate molecules and a total of ________ ATP molecules.

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8
E)12

Question 46

What coenzyme(s)is(are)used in the citric acid cycle?

A)FAD only
B) NAD⁺ only
C)NADH + FADH₂ + CoA
D)CoQ
E) NAD⁺ + FAD

Question 47

In stage three of metabolism,the overall result is to release ________.

A)glucose and water
B)lactate and acetyl-CoA
C)lactate and glucose
D)glycogen and water
E)carbon dioxide and energy

Question 48

Which of the following compounds in the citric acid cycle undergoes oxidation and decarboxylation?

A)citrate
B)isocitrate
C)succinate
D)fumarate
E)succinyl-CoA

Question 49

In the third reaction of the citric acid cycle, NAD⁺ is converted to ________.

A)NAS^-
B)NAD²⁺
C)NADH₂
D)NAD
E)NADH

Question 50

The citric acid cycle reaction that removes the first CO₂ molecule is a(n)________.

A)oxidation and decarboxylation
B)reduction
C)phosphorylation
D)hydrolysis
E)hydration

Question 51

The last reaction in the citric acid cycle converts malate to ________.

A)citrate
B)isocitrate
C)succinate
D)fumarate
E)oxaloacetate

Question 52

Overall,one turn of the citric acid cycle produces ________.

A)three C0₂ molecules
B)three NADH molecules
C)two FADH₂ molecules
D)6 ATP
E)2 GTP

Question 53

The GTP formed in reaction 5 of the citric acid cycle is used to make ________.

A)carbon dioxide
B)oxygen
C)water
D)CoA
E)ATP

Question 54

When combined with electron transport,one turn of the citric acid cycle produces ________ ATP.

A)24
B)12
C)11
D)14
E)2

Question 55

Reaction 5 of the citric acid cycle is the hydrolysis of succinyl-CoA.In this reaction,________.

A)the energy released is used to make GTP
B)the energy released is used to make ATP
C)carbon dioxide is released
D)α-ketoglutarate is released
E)the enzyme aconitase is needed

Question 56

Most of the energy released in the citric acid cycle is used to produce ________.

A)glucose
B)acetyl-CoA
C)NADH and FADH₂
D)carbon dioxide and water
E)citric acid

Question 57

In reaction 7 of the citric acid cycle,fumarate is converted to malate in a ________ reaction.

A)hydrolysis
B)dehydrogenation
C)hydrogenation
D)hydration
E)dehydration

Question 58

Under anaerobic conditions,there is a net production of ________ ATP during glycolysis.

A)zero
B)two
C)four
D)six
E)eight

Question 59

In the dehydrogenation of succinate to fumarate in the citric acid cycle,the coenzyme used is ________.

A)CoA
B)acetyl-CoA
C)NAD⁺
D)NADH
E)FAD

Question 60

The primary fuel for the synthesis of ATP is ________.

A)protein
B)lactate
C)ammonia
D)GTP
E)glucose

Question 61

The 2-carbon segments removed from a fatty acid during metabolism are used to form ________.

A)glucose
B)pyruvate
C)lactate
D)CoA
E)acetyl-CoA

Question 62

In electron transport,NADH and FADH₂ are used to provide ________.

A)oxygen
B)electrons and hydrogen ions
C)carbon atoms
D)water and carbon dioxide
E)thiol groups

Question 63

The complete oxidation of glucose produces ________ ATP molecules.

A)2
B)8
C)12
D)24
E)36

Question 64

During complete oxidation of the fatty acid ,________ molecules of acetyl-CoA are produced,and the fatty acid goes through the β-oxidation cycle ________ times.

A)ten,ten
B)nine,ten
C)nine,nine
D)nine,eight
E)ten,nine

Question 65

What is the net number of ATP molecules produced from the lauric acid (C₁₂H₂₄O₂)found in coconut oil?

A)72 ATP
B)90 ATP
C)100 ATP
D)97 ATP
E)95 ATP

Question 66

Which step is found in the breakdown of a fatty acid?

A)an activation that requires 2 ATP.
B)an oxidation with a cytochrome c.
C)an oxidation with CoQ.
D)direct substrate phosphorylation.
E)production of pyruvate.

Question 67

One example of an electron carrier in electron transport is ________.

A)ATP
B)GTP
C)coenzyme Q
D)citrate
E)water

Question 68

In the chemiosmotic model,protons circulate through a protein complex called ________.

A)iron-sulfur clusters
B)FMA
C)CoA
D)CoQ
E)ATP synthase

Question 69

The series of reactions that produce energy by hydrolyzing fats to units of acetyl-CoA is called ________.

A)transamination
B)β-oxidation
C)hydration
D)hydrolysis
E)β-reduction

Question 70

The removal of 2-carbon segments of a fatty acid for further metabolism occurs during ________.

A)β-oxidation
B)transamination
C)deglyceration
D)dehydration
E)decarboxylation

Question 71

The components of electron transport do not include ________.

A)oxygen (O₂)
B)cytochrome c
C)Complex II
D)CoQ
E)acetyl-CoA

Question 72

The reduced coenzyme ________ provides two ATP via electron transport.

A) FADH₂
B)NADH
C)NADPH
D)CoASH
E) FNMH₂

Question 73

The 2-carbon units obtained by degradation of a fatty acid are further metabolized in ________.

A)oxidative deamination
B)the citric acid cycle
C)β-oxidation
D)glycolysis
E)transamination

Question 74

In the activation of a fatty acid,energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used to ________.

A)form a double bond in an oxidation reaction
B)join the fatty acid to CoA
C)add a molecule of water across a double bond to give a hydroxyl group on the β-carbon
D)oxidize the hydroxyl group on the β-carbon
E)cause a unit of acetyl-CoA to separate from the fatty acid chain

Question 75

What is the correct coefficient for ATP in the complete combustion of glucose?

A)6
B)12
C)18
D)24
E)36

Question 76

The energy released during electron transport is used to produce ________.

A)glucose
B)citric acid
C)carbon dioxide
D)ATP
E)NADH

Question 77

The compounds in electron transport that remove hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are classified as ________.

A)oxidative transporters
B)osmotic carriers
C)electron carriers
D)phosphorylators
E)citrates

Question 78

In electron transport,the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi is called ________.

A)glycolysis
B)acylation
C)oxidative phosphorylation
D)isomerization
E)hydrolysis

Question 79

In the chemiosmotic model of oxidative phosphorylation,ATP is synthesized as ________.

A) OH^- flows through ATP synthase
B)electrons flow through ATP synthase
C) CA2⁺ flows through ATP synthase
D) H⁺ flows through ATP synthase
E) Na⁺ flows through ATP synthase

Question 80

The complete oxidation of CH₃-(CH₂)₈ -COOH produces a net of ________ molecules of ATP.

A)80
B)78
C)82
D)74
E)76