Deck 13: Carbohydrates

Question 1

Chiral drugs consist of only one enantiomer.The benefits of using a pure enantiomer,rather than a mixture,include ________.

A)higher potency (lower total dose of drug)
B)elimination of side effects
C)reduced chances of drug interactions
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Answer 1

all of the above

Question 2

A monosaccharide that contains 4 carbon atoms,one of which is in an aldehyde group,is classified as a(n)________.

A)aldopentose
B)aldohexose
C)ketopentose
D)aldotetrose
E)ketotetrose

Answer 2

aldotetrose

Question 3

A carbohydrate that gives two molecules when it is completely hydrolyzed is known as a ________.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)polysaccharide
D)starch
E)trisaccharide

Answer 3

disaccharide

Question 4

In the carbon cycle,carbon dioxide and water are converted to glucose and oxygen by ________.

A)large animals
B)insects
C)mushrooms
D)green plants
E)earthworms

Question 5

The breakdown of glucose to chemical energy for the cells to do work is an example of ________.

A)oxidation
B)respiration
C)reduction
D)anabolism
E)mutarotation

Question 6

Chirality occurs when stereoisomers have mirror images that are ________.

A)superimposable
B)the same
C)not superimposable
D)not visible to one another
E)identical

Question 7

Fructose does not undergo hydrolysis because it is a ________.

A)aldose
B)hexose
C)reducing sugar
D)monosaccharide
E)disaccharide

Question 8

Photosynthesis uses ________ as an energy source.

A)glucose
B)carbon dioxide
C)chlorophyll
D)oxygen
E)sunlight

Question 9

Which of the following objects is chiral? Assume that each object has no markings or printing.

A)an pencil
B)a baseball bat
C)a glove
D)a hockey puck
E)a drinking glass

Question 10

Achiral compounds are those which ________.

A)have no "handedness"
B)have different mirror images
C)are nonsuperimposable
D)have the same formula but different structures
E)have a carbon attached to four different atoms

Question 11

In the L- isomer of a Fischer projection of a monosaccharide,the -OH group furthest from the carbonyl is written ________.

A)on the left of the top chiral carbon
B)on the right of the top chiral carbon
C)on the left of the middle chiral carbon
D)on the left of the bottom chiral carbon
E)on the right of the bottom chiral carbon

Question 12

Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other are known as ________.

A)enantiomers
B)achiral isomers
C)superimposable isomers
D)anomers
E)Fischer projections

Question 13

An enantiomer is ________.

A)a stereoisomer that is not a mirror image of another molecule
B)a stereoisomer whose mirror image cannot be superimposed
C)a diastereoisomer
D)a constitutional isomer
E)a geometric isomer

Question 14

Ribulose has the following structural formula.To what carbohydrate class does ribulose belong?

A)aldotetrose
B)aldopentose
C)ketotetrose
D)ketopentose
E)ketohexose

Question 15

Which group of carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed to give simpler carbohydrates?

A)monosaccharides
B)disaccharides
C)trisaccharides
D)tetrasaccharides
E)polysaccharides

Question 16

Which of the following compounds is chiral?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 17

A monosaccharide that contains 6 carbon atoms,one of which is in an aldehyde group,is classified as a(n)________.

A)aldopentose
B)aldohexose
C)ketopentose
D)aldotetrose
E)ketotetrose

Question 18

How many different substituents are required on a carbon atom for it to be chiral?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four
E)Any number from 1 to 4; chiralty does not depend on substitution.

Question 19

One difference between D-glucose and L-glucose is ________.

A)the open-chain form of L-glucose does not exist
B)it is not possible to make L-glucose
C)L-glucose has a 5-membered ring,and D-glucose has a 6-membered ring
D)only D-glucose can act as a substrate in metabolic reactions
E)L-glucose cannot form a closed structure

Question 20

A monosaccharide that consists of 5 carbon atoms,one of which is in a ketone group,is classified as a(n)________.

A)aldotetrose
B)aldopentose
C)aldohexose
D)ketotetrose
E)ketopentose

Question 21

Glucose can have the structure shown below.It can be classified as a(n)________.

A)ribose
B)ketose
C)disaccharide
D)monosaccharide
E)ketone

Question 22

Refer to the disaccharide below to answer the following question(s).

In the figure above,the monosaccharide on the top is a(n)________.

A)aldopentose
B)ketopentose
C)aldohexose
D)aldoheptose
E)ketohexose

Question 23

The sugar also known as dextrose,and blood sugar is ________.

A)glucose
B)galactose
C)fructose
D)lactose
E)sucrose

Question 24

Galactose is a product of enzymatic hydrolysis of ________.

A)lactose
B)glucose
C)maltose
D)erythrose
E)sucrose

Question 25

A glycosidic bond between two monosaccharides can also be classified as a(n)________.

A)double bond
B)ester bond
C)ether bond
D)achiral bond
E)alcohol bond

Question 26

In a disaccharide,two monosaccharides are joined by what kind of bond?

A)double
B)anomeric
C)alcohol
D)glycosidic
E)rotational

Question 27

Maltose is a ________.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)trisaccharide
D)polysaccharide
E)phosphosaccharide

Question 28

Galactose is a ________.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)trisaccharide
D)polysaccharide
E)phosphosaccharide

Question 29

Benedict's test requires an aldehyde and an adjacent ________.

A)saturated carbon
B)ketone
C)hydroxyl
D)phenyl ring
E)acid

Question 30

Galactosemia is the name of a metabolic disorder.In this disorder,an enzyme is missing that is needed to ________.

A)make galactose from lactose
B)make lactose from galactose
C)convert galactose to glycogen
D)convert galactose to glucose
E)convert α-galactose to β-galactose

Question 31

Refer to the disaccharide below to answer the following question(s).

In the figure above,the monosaccharide on the bottom is a(n)________.

A)aldopentose
B)ketopentose
C)aldohexose
D)aldoheptose
E)ketohexose

Question 32

Maltose can be classified as a(n)________.

A)disaccharide
B)polysaccharide
C)ketose
D)pentose
E)tetrasaccharide

Question 33

Aspartame and Saccharin are two examples of ________.

A)disaccharides
B)polysaccharides
C)chlorosaccharides
D)alcohol sweeteners
E)noncarbohydrate sweeteners

Question 34

Which sugar is not a reducing sugar?

A)glucose
B)fructose
C)galactose
D)maltose
E)sucrose

Question 35

Amylose is a ________.

A)monosaccharide
B)disaccharide
C)trisaccharide
D)polysaccharide
E)phosphosaccharide

Question 36

The disaccharide above contains a(n)________-glycosidic linkage.

A)α-1,4
B)β-1,4
C)α-2,4
D)β-2,4
E)α-2,6

Question 37

Hydrolysis of the disaccharide above gives the monosaccharides ________.

A)fructose and ribose
B)fructose and galactose
C)ribose and glucose
D)ribose and galactose
E)fructose and lactose

Question 38

Which of the following contains a β-1,4-glycosidic bond?

A)galactose
B)lactose
C)maltose
D)sucrose
E)amylose

Question 39

Hyperglycemia is a condition in which ________.

A)the glucose level in the blood is about 100 mg/dL
B)the amount of glucose in the urine is lower than normal
C)the glucose level in the blood is higher than normal
D)the glucose level in the pancreas is lower than normal
E)the glucose level in the liver is lower than normal

Question 40

Hypoglycemia is a condition in which ________.

A)the glucose level in the blood is about 100 mg/dL
B)the amount of glucose in the urine is higher than normal
C)the glucose level in the blood is higher than normal
D)the glucose level in the pancreas is higher than normal
E)the glucose level in the blood is lower than normal

Question 41

State whether each of these structures is the α- or β-form

Question 42

Which of the following contains α-1,6-branches?

A)amylose
B)glycogen
C)cellulose
D)sucrose
E)maltose

Question 43

Identify each Fischer projection as the D- or L-isomer.

Question 44

State whether each of these structures is the α- or β-form

Question 45

State whether each of these structures is the α- or β-form

Question 46

Cellulose is not digestible by humans because it contains glucose units linked by ________-glycosidic bonds.

A)α-1,2
B)α-1,4
C)α-1,6
D)β-1,2
E)β-1,4

Question 47

Humans cannot digest cellulose because they ________.

A)lack the necessary enzymes to digest β-glycosides
B)are allergic to β-glycosides
C)are poisoned by β-glycosides
D)have intestinal flora which use up β-glycosides
E)cannot digest chlorophyll

Question 48

Cellulose is a polysaccharide which has ________.

A)only β-1,4-bonds between glucose units
B)only α-1,4-links bonds glucose units
C)both α-1,4-and α-1,6-bonds between glucose units
D)hemiacetal links joining glucose units
E)carbon-carbon bonds joining glucose units

Question 49

Amylopectin is a form of starch which has ________.

A)only β-1,4-bonds between glucose units
B)only α-1,4-links bonds glucose units
C)both α-1,4-and α-1,6-bonds between glucose units
D)hemiacetal links joining glucose units
E)carbon-carbon bonds joining glucose units

Question 50

Identify each Fischer projection as the D- or L-isomer.

Question 51

Identify each Fischer projection as the D- or L-isomer.

Question 52

Identify each Fischer projection as the D- or L-isomer.

Question 53

Cellulose is a monosaccharide.

Question 54

State whether each of these structures is the α- or β-form

Question 55

Under acid hydrolysis conditions,starch is converted to ________.

A)glucose
B)xylose
C)maltose
D)galactose
E)fructose

Question 56

Amylose is a polysaccharide.

Question 57

State whether each of these structures is the α- or β-form

Question 58

Sucrose is a disaccharide.

Question 59

Identify each Fischer projection as the D- or L-isomer.

Question 60

Amylose is a form of starch which has ________.

A)only β-1,4-bonds between glucose units
B)only α-1,4-links bonds glucose units
C)both α-1,4-and β-1,4-bonds between glucose units
D)hemiacetal links joining glucose units
E)carbon-carbon bonds joining glucose units

Question 61

In glucose,the -OH group on carbon 4 is above the plane of the ring.

Question 62

Aldehydes with an adjacent alcohol give a positive Benedict's test.

Question 63

Enantiomers are mirror images of each other.

Question 64

The product of reduction of xylose is xylitol.

Question 65

The glucose units in cellulose are connected by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

Question 66

The biological activity of one enantiomers may be very different from the biological activity of the other enantiomer.

Question 67

In the Fischer projection of D-fructose,the -OH group on the chiral carbon farthest from the ketone is to the right.

Question 68

Humans do not have the enzyme necessary to hydrolyze cellulose.

Question 69

The product of oxidation of an aldose is a carboxylic acid.

Question 70

In beta-glucose,the new -OH group is above the plane of the ring.

Question 71

Stereoisomers are not structural isomers.

Question 72

A chiral carbon atom can have fewer than four different groups bonded to it.

Question 73

Sucrose is a reducing sugar.

Question 74

In the Fischer projection of D-glucose,the -OH group on the chiral carbon farthest from the aldehyde is to the left.

Question 75

The product of reduction of mannose is mannoic acid.

Question 76

A deep blue color in Benedict's test indicates the presence of an aldehyde with an adjacent alcohol.

Question 77

A reducing sugar gives a precipitate of silver metal with Benedict's reagent.

Question 78

Sucrose is made up of glucose units only.

Question 79

Enantiomers may have very different tastes or smells.

Question 80

Amylopectin is a straight-chain polysaccharide.