Deck 10: Food - Soil - and Pest Management

Question 1

It takes about seven kilograms of grain to raise every one kilogram of beef.​

Answer 1

True

Question 2

People who are underfed and underweight and those who are overfed and overweight share similar health problems.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Health problems faced by those who are overfed are completely different from the health problems faced by those who are underfed.​

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Over time,the extensive addition of water through irrigation practices can actually lead to desertification.​

Question 5

A disadvantage to the green revolution is the intensive use of commercial inorganic fertilizers.​

Question 6

​Malnourished individuals may become more prone to infections and disease.

Question 7

Industrialized livestock production generates less greenhouse gases than emitted by all of the world's cars,trucks,buses,and planes.​

Question 8

Some nations have experienced an increase in certain crop yields after greatly cutting pesticide use.​

Question 9

Polyculture lessens the need for fertilizer and water.​

Question 10

Per unit area,the application of synthetic pesticides is higher on typical crop fields than it is on the average lawn.​

Question 11

Plantation agriculture is used primarily to reduce soil erosion and restore soil fertility.​

Question 12

​A food desert is an area in the countryside where desertification is a major problem.

Question 13

Farmers use alley cropping with nearly level row patterns around hills to prevent soil erosion.​

Question 14

Overgrazing by cattle can ultimately result in water pollution.​

Question 15

Pesticides expand food supplies,raise profits,work fast,and are safe if properly used.​

Question 16

Since 1942,the use of synthetic pesticides has increased 10-fold,yet food supply damage due to pests has increased during that time.​

Question 17

Research shows that,on average,low-input polycultures produce higher crop yields than high-input monocultures.​

Question 18

The root cause of food insecurity is poverty.​

Question 19

Perennial crops remove and store more carbon from the atmosphere and require less energy compared to growing annual crops in conventional monocultures.​

Question 20

There are no technological substitutes for fertile and uncontaminated topsoil.​

Question 21

An agricultural method known as ____ relies on solar energy and natural fertilizers.​

A) ​traditional intensive agriculture
B) ​polyculture
C) ​minimum tillage agriculture
D) ​high-input agriculture
E) plantation agriculture​

Question 22

The majority of soil's organic matter is concentrated in the ____.​

A) ​O horizon of leaf litter
B) ​A horizon of topsoil
C) ​O and A horizons
D) ​C horizon
E) B horizon​

Question 23

Modern industrialized food production violates the three scientific principles of sustainability related to energy,greenhouse gases,and biodiversity.​

Question 24

What nutrition problem affects 69% of adults and 33% of children in the United States?​

A) ​malnutrition
B) ​under nutrition
C) ​micronutrition
D) ​chronic hunger
E) overnutrition​

Question 25

World grain production per capita has increased consistently and has kept pace with total world production since the middle of last century.​

Question 26

What would likely be found on an organic farm?​

A) ​synthetic pesticides
B) ​synthetic fertilizers
C) ​genetically engineered seeds
D) ​feed additives
E) ​feed that contains no antibiotics

Question 27

Excessive irrigation is only a problem in rainy areas that are prone to flooding.​

Question 28

​What is the root cause of food insecurity?

A) ​insufficient food resources
B) ​climate change
C) ​poverty
D) ​political disputes
E) ​poor organization

Question 29

What is the type of agriculture most likely to be found in developed countries?​

A) ​plantation agriculture
B) ​traditional agriculture
C) ​industrialized agriculture
D) ​minimum-tillage agriculture
E) maximum-tillage agriculture​

Question 30

Monoculture is a method of growing food that is utilized solely in ____.​

A) ​industrialized agriculture
B) ​polyculture
C) ​traditional subsistence agriculture
D) ​traditional intensive agriculture
E) both industrialized agriculture and traditional intensive agriculture​

Question 31

The term chronic malnutrition refers to people who ____.​

A) ​produce insufficient hormones for metabolic functioning
B) ​are vegetarians
C) ​eat too much
D) ​suffer from lack of protein and other key nutrients
E) eat too much protein​

Question 32

What proportion of food products sold on U.S.supermarket shelves contains some form of genetically engineered crop?​

A) ​less than 10%
B) ​almost one-half
C) ​almost all food
D) ​just a few percent
E) at least 80%​

Question 33

The kind of industrialized agriculture commonly found in tropical less-developed nations is known as ____.​

A) ​plantation agriculture
B) ​cash crops
C) ​high-input agriculture
D) ​non-traditional subsistence agriculture
E) polyculture​

Question 34

Approximately two out of three people in the world primarily survive on which three foods?​

A) ​beef,dairy,and cereals
B) ​rice,wheat,and corn
C) ​fish,sugars,and vegetables
D) ​beef,fish,and chicken
E) meats,cheese,and bread​

Question 35

Without sufficient quantities of the micronutrient _____,goiters may develop.​

A) ​protein
B) ​carbohydrates
C) ​vitamin A
D) ​vitamin C
E) iodine​

Question 36

For good health and protection against disease,people need a fairly large amount of carbohydrates,proteins,and fats that are often called ____.​

A) macronutrients
B) nutrients
C) micronutrients
D) vitamins
E) organics

Question 37

The third major food-producing system in the world is ____.​

A) ​feedlots
B) ​cash crops
C) ​aquaculture
D) ​genetic engineering
E) organic foods​

Question 38

The agricultural practice known as ____ makes use of root systems at different depths to capture nutrients and water more efficiently.​

A) ​monoculture
B) ​polyculture
C) ​aquaculture
D) ​organic farming
E) crop rotation​

Question 39

What is the type of agriculture most likely to be found in developing countries?​

A) ​maximum-tillage agriculture
B) ​traditional subsistence agriculture
C) ​industrialized agriculture
D) ​minimum-tillage agriculture
E) high-input agriculture​

Question 40

Why do our economic systems promote unsustainable forms of industrialized agriculture?​

A) ​They are so successfully at providing healthy food to our populations
B) ​The harmful environmental and health costs of food production are not reflected in market prices.
C) ​They are extremely effective in cutting costs.
D) ​They are major job providers.
E) The food production is efficient enough to justify the negative consequences.​

Question 41

What causes soil salinization?​

A) ​desertification
B) ​too little irrigation on crops grown in dry climates
C) ​using seawater to water crops
D) ​repeated irrigation in dry climates
E) continual application of fertilizers that contain salt compounds​

Question 42

Ninety-eight percent of the potential risk of developing cancer from pesticide residue on food grown in the U.S.could be eliminated if ____.​

A) ​the entire industrialized agriculture business switched to integrated pest management
B) ​genetically modified foods were grown exclusively
C) ​pheromone traps were used more effectively to capture pests
D) ​EPA standards for pre-1972 pesticides were as strict as standards for newer pesticides
E) the government banned just one of the worst pesticides from use​

Question 43

How can irrigation lead to salinization of soils?​

A) ​Water associated with irrigation flows through the soil.
B) ​Water associated with irrigation contains small amounts of dissolved salts and evaporation leaves behind increasing concentrations of these salts.
C) ​Wells for water are drilled too near to the ocean coastlines.
D) ​Irrigation water is treated with dissolved salts that then lead to oversaturation.
E) Irrigation is primarily accomplished through the use of abundant seawater,which contains high concentrations of salts.​

Question 44

Proponents of pesticides claim that they provide some advantages,primarily by ____.​

A) ​maintaining the health of farm workers
B) ​reducing pollution
C) ​killing the natural enemies of pests
D) ​promoting genetic resistance
E) saving human lives​

Question 45

Compared to synthetic pesticides,the use of natural biological pest controls are ____.​

A) ​more costly
B) ​dangerously unpredictable
C) ​faster
D) ​nontoxic
E) not very effective​

Question 46

The Environmental Working Group estimates that you could reduce your pesticide intake by up to 90% by eating only 100% organic ____.​

A) ​beef from non-feed lots
B) ​polyculture grains
C) ​complex carbohydrates
D) ​meats and dairy from non-industrial agriculture
E) fruits and vegetables from the dirty dozen​

Question 47

Since 1945,approximately 1,000 species of insects and rodents have ____ insecticides.​

A) ​gone extinct because of
B) ​been unaffected by
C) ​developed resistance to
D) ​worked better than
E) become threatened because of​

Question 48

What is a disadvantage of using pheromones to control pests?​

A) ​They are costly and time-consuming to produce.
B) ​They are more effective in the juvenile stage than the adult stage.
C) ​They are ineffective with most insects due to resistance.
D) ​They are biologically magnified in non-target species.
E) They only work in large amounts.​

Question 49

The world's 30,000 known species of spiders ____.​

A) ​kill more livestock with poisonous bites than any other threat
B) ​have to be controlled in order for integrated pest management to work properly
C) ​are a threat not only to livestock,but also to rural farmers because they nest in sheds where equipment is stored and later retrieved
D) ​kill far more crop-eating insects every year than humans do by using chemicals
E) provide important food for birds that control caterpillar populations​

Question 50

Animal feed lots can lead to ____.​

A) ​less available land for feeding overall
B) ​increase genetic resistance to microbes in humans
C) ​a reduction in soil erosion
D) ​a reduction in overgrazing
E) greater biodiversity​

Question 51

Most soil erosion is caused by ____.​

A) ​water
B) ​wind
C) ​human activities
D) ​climate change
E) weathering​

Question 52

It estimated that excessive irrigation will cause 30% of the world's arable land to become ____.​

A) ​desert
B) ​salty
C) ​devoid of soil
D) ​oversaturated with water
E) ​severely eroded beyond use

Question 53

What agricultural practice is least beneficial in trying to reduce crop-eating insect damage?​

A) ​rotating crops
B) ​genetic engineering of crops
C) ​planting monocultures
D) ​bringing in natural enemies
E) planting polycultures​

Question 54

Why is it less sustainable to eat grain-fed beef compared to other meats?​

A) ​Cows need to be raised in feed
Lots.
B) ​Cows have more fat per unit body weight.
C) ​Red meat causes heart disease.
D) ​Cows produce more methane.
E) Approximately 2 to 3.5 times more grain is needed per equal amount of body weight.​

Question 55

Trace amounts of sex attractants,otherwise known as ____,can be used to lure pests into traps or to attract their natural predators into crop fields.​

A) ​herbicides
B) ​hormones
C) ​pheromones
D) ​mating pairs
E) shiny colors​

Question 56

A chemical produced by animals to control their developmental processes at different stages of life is known as a ____.​

A) ​gene
B) ​protein
C) ​pheromone
D) ​hormone
E) carbohydrate​

Question 57

​One drawback to integrated pest management is that it ____.

A) ​only applies to certain regions of the world
B) ​cannot manage most pests
C) ​leads to genetic resistance among pests
D) ​is complex and takes more time compared to pesticides
E) does not have a proven track record​

Question 58

What is the primary goal of an integrated pest management program (IPM)?​

A) ​to increase inputs of fertilizer and irrigation water
B) ​to reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level
C) ​to increase pesticide use
D) ​to decrease yields and increase costs
E) to increase the development of disease-resistant pests​

Question 59

According to the U.S.National Academy of Sciences,a well-designed____ can reduce synthetic pesticide use and pest control costs by 50-65%,without reducing crop yields and food quality.​

A) ​integrated pest management program
B) ​polyculture farm
C) ​organic farm
D) ​crop rotation program
E) natural predator habitat restoration program​

Question 60

What process can lead to desertification?​

A) ​conservation tillage
B) ​severe and prolonged drought
C) ​crop rotation
D) ​polyculture farming
E) terraced crop arrangements​

Question 61

The United States primarily uses ____________________ agriculture for food production.​

Question 62

____________________ are chemical sex attractants emitted that also attract predators and can be used as alternatives to pesticides.​

Question 63

​Scientists estimate that since 1900,we have lost 75% of the ____________________ of agricultural crops as genetic variety has declined.

Question 64

Some ____________________ have led to herbicide-resistant superweeds,some of which can rapidly grow more than 2 meters (7 feet)tall.​

Question 65

Government subsidies to fishing fleets ____ overfishing and reduction of aquatic biodiversity.​

A) ​prevent
B) ​mitigate
C) ​promote
D) ​reduce
E) completely stop​

Question 66

​In nearly one in five death in the U.S.,____________________ plays an important role in heart disease,stroke,type 2 diabetes,and some forms of cancer.

Question 67

Low energy input ____________________ produces higher yields than does high-input monoculture.​

Question 68

An irrigation problem that reduces soil oxygen levels,causes accumulation of gases toxic to plants,and alters the concentration of nutrients around plant roots is called ____________________.​

Question 69

What kind of cropping is where one or more crops,usually legumes or other crops that add nitrogen to the soil,are planted together and between orchard trees or fruit-bearing shrubs,which provide shade?​

A) ​alley
B) ​contour
C) ​terracing
D) ​tillage
E) strip​

Question 70

What is a way to restore land that has undergone desertification?​

A) crop rotation​
B) ​irrigation
C) ​fertilizing with green manure
D) ​fertilizing with animal manure
E) planting trees and plants​

Question 71

Aquaculture might be made more sustainable if ____.​

A) ​consumers choose to eat fish species that eat algae and other vegetation
B) ​consumers choose to eat top predators
C) ​fish farms are located near mangrove forests
D) ​fish farms are located near estuaries
E) chemical pesticides are used to control common fish diseases​

Question 72

What is the main purpose of conservation tillage?​

A) ​to decrease labor costs
B) ​to increase erosion
C) ​to increase energy consumption
D) ​to accelerate water loss from the soil
E) to decrease erosion​

Question 73

What is the best method to maintain soil fertility via topsoil conservation?​

A) ​emphasizing agricultural practices that enhance monocultures
B) rotating crops annually​
C) ​keeping the soil covered by vegetation
D) ​preventing insect pests from destroying valuable crops
E) converting croplands into pasturelands or feedlots​

Question 74

The practice of ____________________is where fish are raised in freshwater ponds,lakes,reservoirs,and rice paddies,and in underwater cages in coastal and deeper ocean waters​

Question 75

A(n)____________________ is a chemical used to control or kill populations of organisms that we consider undesirable such as insects,weeds,or rodents.​

Question 76

____________________ is a form of industrialized agriculture used primarily in tropical developing countries where cash crops are grown,such as bananas,coffee,vegetables,soybeans,sugarcane,and palm oil.​

Question 77

A way to grow food on steep slopes or mountainsides without depleting topsoil is called ____________________.​

Question 78

Which fertilizer type is relied upon most in more-developed countries?​

A) ​organic
B) ​synthetic
C) ​animal manure
D) ​green manure
E) compost​

Question 79

What do sustainable polyaquaculture and livestock agriculture have in common?​

A) ​soil conservation
B) ​water
C) ​using less resources,i.e.,grain
D) ​growth hormones
E) antibiotics​

Question 80

Numerous practices have been developed to reduce ____________________,including reducing or eliminating tillage,managing irrigation to reduce runoff,and keeping the soil covered with plants or mulch.​