Deck 34: The Immune System

Question 1

_______________ are molecules that induce differentiation,cell growth,and in certain cells,secretion of antibodies.

Answer 1

Cytokines

Question 2

What is the generic term used to denote what an antibody binds?

A) epitope
B) cytokine
C) affinity determinant
D) antigen
E) None of the answers is correct.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What term describes the increase in antibody diversity due to somatic mutation?

A) immunity mutation
B) affinity maturation
C) variable domain maturation
D) epitope mutation
E) affinity recombination

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What membrane glycoprotein is found in GI cells of developing fetuses?

A) lysosomal membrane glycoprotein
B) major histocompatibility complex
C) synaptophysin
D) platelet-membrane glycoprotein
E) carcinoembryonic antigen

Question 5

___________________ sequences are recognized by proteins RAG-1 and RAG-2 and facilitate cleavage and religation of DNA segments.

Question 6

MHC class I and II proteins bind and present _______________ to T cells.

Question 7

The CD4 protein is expressed by _______________cells.

Question 8

Proteins necessary for binding and displaying portions of foreign proteins are encoded by the ____________________.

Question 9

The ___________________ is a common structure in IgG and other immune proteins that includes antiparallel β strands in two β sheets around a hydrophobic core.

Question 10

To what family does interleukin-2 belong?

A) chemokines
B) cytokine
C) interferons
D) tumor necrosis factors
E) lymphokines

Question 11

Which of the following are soluble proteins that serve to signal an invasion and bind to the foreign molecules?

A) chemokines
B) antigens
C) platelets
D) interferons
E) antibodies

Question 12

What are the proteases released by cytotoxic T cells that initiate the apoptotic cascade in virus-infected cells?

A) caspases
B) cathepsins
C) granzymes
D) calpains
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 13

What type of virus is HIV?

A) retrovirus
B) provirus
C) oncovirus
D) enterovirus
E) rotavirus

Question 14

Which antibody can cause allergic reactions?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM

Question 15

A(n)__________________ disease is one wherein the body attacks itself and produces self-antigens.

Question 16

The immunoglobulin with the highest serum concentration is _______________.

Question 17

Cyclosporin blocks the action of the enzyme _______________.

Question 18

What mechanism is useful for protection against intracellular pathogens such as viruses?

A) cytokine-mediated immunity
B) epitope-mediated immunity
C) immunoglobulin-mediated immunity
D) cell-mediated immunity
E) antiviral-mediated immunity

Question 19

What is the major class of antibodies found in saliva and tears?

A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM

Question 20

Another name for an antigenic determinant is _______________.

Question 21

What modification(s)of tyrosines in the ITAM region of membrane-linked IgG molecules is (are)critical to immune response formation?

A) amidation
B) phosphorylation
C) glycosylation
D) acetylation
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 22

The approximate number of antibodies that humans can generate is

A) 10⁸.
B) 10¹².
C) 10¹⁶.
D) 10²⁰.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 23

How is the immune system diversity similar to evolutionary processes?

Question 24

What are Toll-like receptors and what pathogens do they recognize?

Question 25

Diversity in variable regions of L and H chains is generated by

A) selective proteolysis of pre-immunoglobulin proteins.
B) synthesis of multiple transcripts in each lymphocyte.
C) the splicing together of several V genes within the pre-mRNA.
D) gene rearrangement during cell differentiation.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 26

An immunogen is

A) a special type of antibody.
B) a surface receptor for antibodies.
C) a foreign molecule that can stimulate an immune response.
D) a precursor antibody that is only active when associated with the plasma membrane.
E) a platelet-associated immunoglobulin.

Question 27

Does induced fit play a role in antigen:antibody binding?

Question 28

What are the two lines of defense in our immune system?

Question 29

The differentiation of a cell to make a different type of immunoglobulin is called

A) bait and switch.
B) rearrangement.
C) class switching.
D) recombination.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 30

What is the significance of the J region of the $\kappa$ light-chain locus?

A) Multiple J sites contribute to antibody diversity.
B) It provides a unique joining site for J and V genes, which is always the same.
C) It provides numerous sites for linkage to the V genes.
D) A and B are both correct.
E) A and C are both correct.

Question 31

How much antibody diversity is obtained by somatic mutations?

A) 10-fold increase
B) 1000-fold increase
C) 10⁶-fold increase
D) 10⁹-fold increase
E) There is no increase.

Question 32

The first type of antibody that is found in serum after antigen is detected is

A) IgM.
B) IgB.
C) IgG.
D) IgD.
E) IgE.

Question 33

T cells are made in the

A) pancreas.
B) bone marrow.
C) thymus.
D) thalamus.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 34

The host cell for HIV is a(n)

A) immature leukocyte.
B) killer T cell.
C) helper T cell.
D) red blood cell.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 35

What types of bonds are present in antigen:antibody binding?

Question 36

How do large antigens interact with antibodies?

A) The region of contact between antibodies and antigens is very narrow, allowing greater specificity.
B) Large antigens will contact the entire antibody, including the F_c region.
C) All six CDRs of the antibody can make contact with a specific epitope.
D) A single CDR of the antibody contacts multiple epitopes of the antigen.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 37

Immunoglobulin folds are a structural motif,and the amino acid sequence for this fold is commonly found in

A) multicelled animals.
B) yeast.
C) plants.
D) bacteria.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 38

What is the result of the complement cascade?

A) lysis of the target cells
B) a series of parallel signal reactions
C) destruction of unneeded antibodies
D) activation of chemokines
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 39

Examples of autoimmune diseases include

A) multiple sclerosis.
B) insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
C) rheumatoid arthritis.
D) All of the answers are correct..
E) None of the answers are correct.

Question 40

Peptides presented by MHC proteins bind primarily to

A) a groove formed by ? helices found in the ?₁ and ?₂ domains.
B) the flat surface of the ?₂-microglobulin proteins.
C) the flat surface of the ?₃ domain.
D) the $\beta$ -bend between the ?₂ and ?₃ domains.
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 41

Describe the $\kappa$ light chain locus of the genome.

Question 42

When the heavy chain is switched to make secreted antibodies,how is the specificity of antigen binding maintained?

Question 43

How does the immune response differ for peptides bound to a class II,rather than class I,MHC protein?

Question 44

What are positive and negative selection of T-cell receptors?

Question 45

Why is it difficult to develop a vaccine for AIDS?

Question 46

Explain why the amino terminal immunoglobulin domains of the L and H chains have hypervariable sequences.

Question 47

How is cyclosporin useful in medical therapy?

Question 48

How are pathogens inside cells destroyed by the immune system?

Question 49

Are unrelated humans likely to have similar class II genes?

Question 50

What are the steps in cytotoxic T-cell activation?