Deck 11: Late Adulthood

Question 1

__________ is the field of science that deals with issues,problems,and diseases specific to older adults.

A)Gerontology
B)Anthropology
C)Psychology
D)Developmentalism

Answer 1

A

Question 2

When Adrian "baby talks" to her elderly grandmother,she is illustrating:

A)projection.
B)transference.
C)ageism.
D)parentese.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

An argument for the extended life span of humans over other mammals is based on:

A)the increased capacity for problem solving in humans.
B)the reduced stress on our bodies due to humans' omnivorous diet.
C)fewer number of offspring produced,so less drain on physical resources.
D)the superior immune system humans have.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Of the following individuals in Canada,who has the longest life expectancy?

A)Tim,a Métis male
B)Erin,a White woman
C)Jonathan,a White man
D)Vicky,a First Nations woman

Question 5

In the Canada,women tend to outlive men by about __________ years.

A)four
B)six
C)ten
D)three

Question 6

Alberto,age 81,finds that young people often respond to his comments in a patronizing or condescending manner.This type of prejudice is known as:

A)reverse discrimination.
B)ageism.
C)role reversal.
D)immaturity.

Question 7

What theory of aging is linked to evolutionary processes?

A)Wear and tear
B)Aging by program
C)Homeostatic imbalance
D)Accumulation of errors

Question 8

Elderly persons sometimes behave in a less competent manner than they are capable of because:

A)they have experienced physiological change.
B)they fear injury.
C)they are often treated in a condescending way.
D)they prefer to keep their abilities private.

Question 9

The average human life expectancy in Canada is approximately:

A)90 years.
B)81 years.
C)78 years.
D)67 years.

Question 10

Of the following,who has the longest life expectancy?

A)Tai,who lives in Beijing,China
B)Felete,who lives in Naples,Italy
C)Lucas,who lives in Malmo,Sweden
D)Adam,who lives in Bangor,Maine

Question 11

The percentage of the Canadian population who were 65 and older in 2006 was:

A)10.7
B)11.6
C)12.2
D)13.7

Question 12

__________ is the theory that aging is due to a failure in the systems that regulate the proper interaction of the organs.

A)Wear and tear
B)Cross-linkage
C)Homeostatic imbalance
D)Adaptation syndrome

Question 13

Dr.Walker works with individuals in late adulthood in order to understand cognitive abilities and perhaps prevent some of the memory problems associated with aging.Most likely,Dr.Walker is trained in the field of:

A)gerontology.
B)anthropology.
C)androgyny.
D)developmental psychology.

Question 14

__________ is stereotyping or unfair treatment of individuals or groups because of their age.

A)Prejudice
B)Discrimination
C)Ageism
D)Gerontology

Question 15

__________ theory states that we age,because aging is programmed into us.

A)Aging by program
B)Wear and tear
C)Counterpart
D)Autoimmunity

Question 16

Of the following individuals,who has the shortest life expectancy?

A)Tim,a Métis male
B)Erin,a White woman
C)Jonathan,a White man
D)Vicky,a First Nations woman

Question 17

Where is the Canada ranked in terms of life expectancy?

A)3^rd
B)6^th
C)12^th
D)38^th

Question 18

__________ is the theory of aging that argues all animals die when their "schedule" dictates.

A)Wear and tear theory
B)Homeostatic imbalance
C)Genetic theory
D)Aging by program

Question 19

Which country presented in the text has the longest life expectancy?

A)Sweden
B)The United States
C)Japan
D)Mexico

Question 20

__________ is the number of years that a person born in a specific year is projected to live.

A)Life span
B)The life cycle
C)The life era
D)Life expectancy

Question 21

__________ occurs when the immune system attacks the body's own tissue resulting in aging and eventual death.

A)Autoimmunity
B)Accumulation of metabolic waste
C)Homeostatic imbalance
D)Cross-linkage

Question 22

If Mike is like most 65 year olds,the most dramatic change he will notice in his vision will be when he:

A)is watching football on his television.
B)attempts to detect objects in his peripheral vision.
C)is driving at night.
D)walks his dog on a sunny afternoon.

Question 23

Glaucoma can lead to blindness due to:

A)thickening and clouding of the lens.
B)blood vessels gradually covering all of the retinal surface.
C)thinning of the layers of the retina and rupturing of blood vessels.
D)increased pressure caused by fluid which may then damage the optic nerve.

Question 24

When Kevin looks in the mirror,he sees a different face than he did in his younger days,when he was galloping horses across the "big screen" and thrilling the girls.The lines and wrinkles on Kevin's face are due to a process explained by the __________ theory of aging.

A)cross-linkage
B)homeostatic imbalance
C)autoimmunity
D)wear and tear

Question 25

___________ is the process by which the immune system rejects the body's own tissue.

A)Homeostatic imbalance
B)Autoimmunity
C)Cross-linkage
D)Wear and tear

Question 26

Which of the following statements supports the genetic theory of aging?

A)Monozygotic twins have more similar lengths of life than do dizygotic twins.
B)The Human Genome Project has identified the suite of genes that contributes to early death as well as long life.
C)Genes,which direct many cellular activities during the early years of life,stop functioning in later life.
D)Genes are responsible for functional declines associated with aging.

Question 27

__________ refers to the influence of personal beliefs on performance.

A)Social stereotyping
B)Ageism
C)The Pygmalion Effect
D)The self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 28

__________ occur(s)when the lens becomes clouded and impairs vision.

A)Cataracts
B)Glaucoma
C)Age-related macular degeneration
D)Retinal pigmentosa

Question 29

__________ is the major connective tissue in the body providing the elasticity in our skin and blood vessels.

A)Collagen
B)Cartilage
C)Fibrin
D)Fascia

Question 30

__________ is the period between the presence of a stimulus and the actual muscle activity that indicates a response to it.

A)The answer interval
B)Reaction time
C)Completion time
D)Stimulus response

Question 31

The sensory systems most obviously affected by aging are:

A)vision and balance.
B)vision and hearing.
C)hearing and smell.
D)hearing and balance.

Question 32

The key factor that results in the aging process,as explained by the theory of homeostatic imbalance,is that the elderly are not as able to handle __________ as are younger individuals.

A)stress
B)a rich diet
C)low levels of adrenaline
D)long periods without a great deal of stimulation

Question 33

What is the function of collagen in the body?

A)It is the major connective tissue.
B)It provides the area for absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.
C)It is important for lining the major joints of the bones.
D)It makes up the scaffolding inside most cells.

Question 34

While physical changes related to appearance can be annoying,a serious condition related to changes in height is:

A)osteoporosis.
B)due to changes in collagen.
C)increased bone density leading to less flexibility.
D)osteoclast degeneration.

Question 35

__________ theory proposes that changes in the regulatory pieces of DNA at the ends of chromosomes become damaged and less functional over the years.

A)Autoimmunity
B)The microtubule breakage
C)The telomere shortening
D)The cytomere malfunction

Question 36

Canada's oldest citizen to date is Merle Barwis from Vancouvar Island,who turned 112 in December,2012.Technically,Merle is a(n):

A)centenarian.
B)octogenarian.
C)septuagenarian.
D)member of late adulthood.

Question 37

Stress level,educational level,motivation,and personality type are examples of __________ in the aging process.

A)genetic factors
B)physiological factors
C)environmental factors
D)modifiers

Question 38

__________ theory states that when connections are formed between peptides,the proteins are altered,often for the worse.

A)Homeostatic imbalance
B)Wear and tear
C)Cross-linkage
D)Autoimmunity

Question 39

What are antigens?

A)Substances in the blood that fight to kill foreign bodies
B)Substances in the blood that attack the body's tissues to stop inflammation
C)Substances in the blood that trigger the production of antibodies.
D)Substances in the blood that protect tissues from self-destruction

Question 40

One of the preventable contributions to the sensory decline often found in older adults is:

A)appropriate diet.
B)overuse of some systems,like vision and balance.
C)lack of sensory stimulation.
D)exposure to antigens.

Question 41

Nancy has heard that there are methods to improve cognition through positive changes in the brain.What should she be told?

A)"While loss of brain cells is inevitable with aging,aerobic exercise,good nutrition,and mental effort will increase neural cell growth to compensate."
B)"While mental exercise is a good idea,it can't restore lost cells in the brain."
C)"While loss of brain cells is inevitable with aging,a diet high in fiber and vitamin C is sufficient to restore functioning."
D)"At this point in time,prevention is the only method of avoiding brain cell loss."

Question 42

Ronald has had damage to part of his brain.Now he can remember to drive and tie his shoes,but he has no recollection of anything that has happened since the accident.He can't remember his doctor or what he ate for breakfast.Ronald has lost his __________ memory.

A)implicit
B)prospective
C)retrograde
D)explicit

Question 43

As it relates to Baltes and Staudinger's 5-factor model of wisdom,generativity and openness to experience are important dimension of __________.

A)life experience
B)maturity
C)personality traits
D)social intelligence

Question 44

Four hypotheses presented in the text seek to explain the discrepancy between tested ability and actual performance of the elderly focus on:

A)test standards.
B)testing procedures.
C)performance measures.
D)research techniques that may bias results.

Question 45

After age 65,what are the three leading causes of death for Canadians?

A)heart disease,cancer,and AIDS
B)heart disease,cancer,and accidents
C)heart disease,cancer,and stroke
D)cancer,stroke and Alzheimer's disease

Question 46

Remembering that the plants need to be watered on Wednesdays and pills must be taken twice a day are examples of __________ memory.

A)retrospective
B)implicit
C)proactive
D)prospective

Question 47

The __________ hypothesis argues that the peak performance seen in the most successful elderly may be caused by sampling bias.

A)differences in the types of cognition
B)differences in the representativeness of the individuals or observations
C)different standards of evaluation
D)different amounts of experience

Question 48

__________ involves progressive,irreversible losses of brain neurons manifesting as impaired memory,judgment,decision making,orientation to the environment,and language.

A)Psychosis
B)Multi-infarct dementia
C)Alzheimer's disease
D)Dementia

Question 49

What is the number one cause of death after age 65 in all provinces and territories?

A)cancer
B)heart disease
C)AIDS
D)hypertension

Question 50

One of the major events discussed in the text that contributes to an elderly individual's increase in creativity during later years is:

A)retirement.
B)the midlife crisis.
C)widowhood.
D)recognition of impending death.

Question 51

Often,older adults don't show major declines in memory because they:

A)are institutionalized before their performance suffers dramatically.
B)mask their deficits through redirection and distraction.
C)compensate for memory deficits through adaptive strategies.
D)rely on their friends and relatives to fill in the gaps.

Question 52

Of the following,which is a cognitive change that is frequently seen in the elderly?

A)increased ability to multitask
B)increased length of time to learn new information
C)increased ability to acquire some types of knowledge like new languages
D)decreased verbal ability especially in vocabulary

Question 53

Which of the following is TRUE regarding cognitive abilities of the elderly?

A)The effects of aging on the human brain are overwhelmingly negative.
B)The elderly often have an increased vocabulary.
C)The elderly lack global awareness.
D)The elderly perform best on cognitive tests when tested in the evening.

Question 54

A common source of substance abuse and misuse related to the elderly is:

A)prescription drugs.
B)illegal drugs.
C)tobacco.
D)alcohol.

Question 55

Arthritis is a condition where:

A)mobility is decreased,because the joints become stiff from lack of use.
B)portions of the spinal column fuse from injuries received years earlier.
C)the joints become inflamed.
D)the joints are unprotected,because the immune system stops functioning.

Question 56

According to Sternberg,which aspect of motivation describes the construct of creativity?

A)To know and to use what is known
B)To understand what is known and what it means
C)To go beyond what is known
D)Understanding the ambiguity and obstacles

Question 57

What is the basic premise of Dacey's theory of creativity?

A)The elderly are capable of great creativity,but factors such as motivation and opportunity prevent them from fulfilling this ability.
B)While quantity of creativity drops in old age,the quality does not.
C)A person's inherent creativity can blossom best during a period of crisis and change.
D)The decline in creativity in the later years may be caused by the person's perception of impending death.

Question 58

Which of the following is accurate about creativity in late adulthood?

A)While the quantity of production declines,quality does not.
B)While the quantity of production increases,quality does not.
C)Both quantity of production and quality decrease.
D)Both quantity of production and quality increase.

Question 59

A revolutionary finding regarding cognitive decline in the elderly showed:

A)brain cell death may be reversed with gene therapy.
B)increased connections among remaining cells can compensate for brain atrophy.
C)increased connections as well as new cell growth can counteract the loss of neurons due to aging.
D)vaccines will soon be available to block the enzymes responsible for memory problems in late adulthood.

Question 60

When Alice took a cognitive test,she felt that the questions tested her limits of ability,as opposed to her everyday tasks.This illustrates which of the hypotheses regarding the cognitive abilities of the elderly?

A)Differences in the types of cognition
B)Differences in the representativeness of the individuals or observations
C)Different standards of evaluation
D)Different amounts of experience

Question 61

Denise,42,knows her parents love her and want to see her succeed.If Denise's parents are typical of those studied by Clarke and associates,they also:

A)would rather she move back home so they can help her with the children.
B)wish she would change her career from education to business,as she would have a better retirement plan.
C)disapprove of her choice of partner and think she shouldn't drink on the weekends.
D)dislike her political viewpoints and want her to come to church with them.

Question 62

When Marty retired from the automobile manufacturing plant,he expected to spend his days in leisure,but instead he found himself feeling guilty over sitting in his chair while his wife cooked,cleaned house,and did dishes.As a result,although still uncomfortable about the idea that his former co-workers might hear of it,he began fixing breakfast and tidying up after himself.Marty is experiencing:

A)role discontinuity.
B)gender confusion.
C)distantiation.
D)repudiation.

Question 63

What is the second phase of the life cycle that most middle-aged couples go through?

A)Widowhood
B)The retirement phase
C)The child-raising phase
D)The childlessness before retirement phase

Question 64

When Sarita looks back on her life and thinks of her loving family and her achievements,she feels that her life has been well spent.Sarita has a sense of:

A)autonomy.
B)identity.
C)generativity.
D)integrity.

Question 65

As Amanda looked back over her life,she felt anger and sorrow over the time she wasted,and realized that she had never accomplished many of her hopes and dreams.According to Erikson,Amanda feels:

A)disengagement.
B)stagnant.
C)despair.
D)resignation.

Question 66

Stephen and Elizabeth have been married for four years and now are expecting their first child.They are in which phase of a couple's life cycle?

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)sixth

Question 67

What is the first phase of the life cycle experienced by most couples?

A)Honeymoon
B)Retirement
C)Child-rearing
D)Childlessness before retirement

Question 68

In Clarke and associates' study of conflict between aging parents and their children,which area was most often reported as important by the parents?

A)Parenting practices and values
B)Communication and style of interaction
C)Work habits
D)Lifestyle choices and habits

Question 69

In late adulthood,older men become more like women,and older women become more like men.This is called:

A)gender identification.
B)a crossover in gender roles.
C)repudiation.
D)role discontinuity.

Question 70

According to Erikson,people looking back over their lives often hide their fear of death by appearing:

A)overly happy.
B)at peace with death.
C)too busy to worry about humanity.
D)contemptuous of humanity.

Question 71

According to an extensive Canadian Survey on sexuality,the majority of those between 65 and 74 said that sex was:

A)more satisfying than ever
B)a thing of the past
C)important
D)painful

Question 72

Which of the following are changes related to language seen in late adulthood?

A)increased comprehension while reading
B)difficulty in recalling specific vocabulary
C)better understanding of information presented orally
D)improvements in processing information generally

Question 73

Allen and Teri,like many Canadian couples,waited until their late thirties to start having children.The down side to this decision is likely to be that:

A)the children will suffer from inadequate parenting.
B)Allen and Teri may have financial difficulties when it comes to retirement.
C)the children will suffer irreparably from the early loss of grandparents.
D)the couple will have to skip a stage in their life cycles.

Question 74

In Clarke and associates' study of conflict between aging parents and their children,which area was most often reported as important by the children?

A)Lifestyle choices and habits
B)Work habits
C)Communication and style of interaction
D)Religion and politics

Question 75

Jennie was happy to retire from her position at the research lab,as she looked forward to spending more time traveling with her husband,Kevin.When Kevin died suddenly from a heart attack two weeks after her retirement,Jennie was at a total loss.Six months later,she finds it hard to fill her days.Jennie is experiencing:

A)a crossover in gender roles.
B)gender confusion.
C)role discontinuity.
D)despair.

Question 76

The eighth and final crisis to be resolved in Erikson's approach to development is:

A)generativity versus wisdom.
B)generativity versus self-absorption.
C)wisdom versus despair.
D)integrity versus despair.

Question 77

For Erikson,resolution of each of the first seven crises in his theory should lead us to a sense of:

A)well-being.
B)self-worth.
C)achievement.
D)personal integrity.

Question 78

____________ is an abrupt and disruptive change caused by conflicts among one's various positions in life.

A)Role stagnation
B)Gender confusion
C)Role discontinuity
D)Gender discrimination

Question 79

What percentage of women over age 65 is a widow?

A)10 percent
B)22 percent
C)45 percent
D)62 percent

Question 80

Which of the following is true of widowhood?

A)Men experience higher levels of depression at the loss of a spouse than do women.
B)Women have a harder time coping with widowhood than do men.
C)Women are more likely to be the surviving spouse.
D)Men tend to show increased involvement in church and children than do women after being widowed.