Deck 18: The West on the Eve of a New World Order

Question 1

Describe the major innovations in art and music during the Enlightenment.Were they as important as the era's new social and economic ideas? Why or why not?

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Galileo Galilei

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

In your opinion,was the American Revolution or the French Revolution most "revolutionary"? Why? Be specific.

Answer 3

Answer not provided.

Question 4

Why were the ideas of Copernicus and Galileo so controversial in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Question 5

What characteristics of European civilization encouraged the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment and what factors prevented these developments in China?

Question 6

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
the Scientific Revolution

Question 7

Discuss the emergence of the social sciences in terms of their philosophical foundations and the ideas of individuals such as John Locke and Adam Smith.

Question 8

Why did Europe become the engine for rapid global change in the seventeenth and eighteenth century rather than China or some other non-Western society?

Question 9

Compare the "high" and "popular" cultures of the mid-eighteenth centuries to today's culture.Is there any "high culture" left in the modern world? If so,what,and if not,why not?

Question 10

What was the relationship of the Enlightenment to the Scientific Revolution? Could the Enlightenment have occurred without the Scientific Revolution?

Question 11

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Nicholas Copernicus

Question 12

How did European ideas about the natures of,and the relationships between,science and religion change during the seventeenth century? Were these changes restricted to just the intellectual classes? Why and or why not?

Question 13

Compare and contrast the Seven Years' War with the wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon.Did the nature of war change? The causes? Motives? Tactics? Results? Be specific.

Question 14

"The Scientific Revolution was the most revolutionary of all revolutions." Discuss critically,using specific examples.

Question 15

Discuss the positive and the negative contributions of Napoleon to the French Revolution and to Europe generally in the early nineteenth century.Would France and Europe have been better off if he had never attained political power? Why or why not?

Question 16

What caused the French Revolution to start when it did? Could its outbreak have been avoided,or postponed? Was the revolution inevitable? Why or why not?

Question 17

How "revolutionary" was the French Revolution? Give specific examples.

Question 18

Take a position on the famous question of whether Napoleon was the "author or undertaker" of the French Revolution.Defend your position with specific examples.

Question 19

How "enlightened" was enlightened absolutism as it was manifested in eighteenth-century Europe? Cite the policies of specific rulers as examples to support your viewpoint.

Question 20

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Kepler

Question 21

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
"cottage industry" or the "putting-out" system

Question 22

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Women

Question 23

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Stamp Act

Question 24

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Voltaire and "Crush the infamous thing"

Question 25

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
geocentric and heliocentric

Question 26

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Isaac Newton's Principia

Question 27

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
philosophes

Question 28

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Balthasar Neumann's church of the Vierzehnheiligen

Question 29

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Rococo and Antoine Watteau

Question 30

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
John Locke's Essay on Human Understanding

Question 31

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Descartes and Cartesian Dualism

Question 32

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
daily newspapers and coffeehouses

Question 33

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
high culture and popular culture and Carnval

Question 34

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Diderot's Encyclopedia

Question 35

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations and laissez-faire

Question 36

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract

Question 37

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws

Question 38

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
the Enlightenment

Question 39

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Declaration of Independence

Question 40

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Ptolemy

Question 41

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Maria Theresa and Joseph II

Question 42

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Olympe de Gouges's "Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen"

Question 43

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
the taille

Question 44

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
the Reign of Terror and the guillotine

Question 45

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Seven Years War / French and Indian War

Question 46

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
the Paris commune

Question 47

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Toussaint L'Ouverture

Question 48

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Frederick the Great and "the first servant of the state"

Question 49

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Enlightened despotism

Question 50

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Quebec's the Plains of Abraham

Question 51

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Catherine the Great

Question 52

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
the third estate

Question 53

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Louis XVI / Marie Antoinette

Question 54

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
the Constitution

Question 55

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
"Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen"

Question 56

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Emelyan Pugachev

Question 57

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
partitions of Poland

Question 58

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
"a nation in arms"

Question 59

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Committee of Public Safety and Maximilien Robespierre

Question 60

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Robert Clive

Question 61

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Continental System

Question 62

When historians try to explain why the Scientific Revolution happened first in Europe and not in China,they offer a combination of reasons.Which of the following factors is not among those reasons?

A)A shift in the European world view form a metaphysical to a more materialist perspective.
B)Chinese persistence to embrace Confucian principles.
C)The attraction of the European mercantile classes to the 'new' science as a means to exploit resources.
D)Chinese disinterest in the practical applications of scientific insights.
E)A greater intellectual capacity in Europeans.

Question 63

The philosophes generally included all of the following except

A)the rural lower classes.
B)the urban middle classes.
C)social reformers.
D)professors.
E)journalists.

Question 64

Johannes Kepler was the first scientist to define which of the following?

A)a solar-centered universe
B)circular heavenly spheres
C)a geocentric universe
D)elliptical planetary orbits
E)the lunar orbit around earth

Question 65

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
the Directory

Question 66

Which of the following did Copernicus not reject?

A)circular planetary orbits
B)a stationary earth in the center of the universe
C)a solar orbit around the earth
D)geocentric planetary orbits
E)heavenly spheres

Question 67

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Napoleon's Civil Code

Question 68

The intellectuals of the Enlightenment advocated the

A)creation of a new religion of sciences.
B)use of the scientific method to foster progress toward a "better" society.
C)application of religious precepts to all knowledge.
D)inversion of human development.
E)abandonment of reason for the purpose of developing human knowledge.

Question 69

Which of the following statements would John Locke find acceptable?

A)Some of us are born bad.
B)A positive environment will create positive results.
C)Everything that we are is in our genes.
D)Faith,not reason,determines what we know.
E)Original sin places limits on individual aspirations.

Question 70

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
the Consulate

Question 71

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 72

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
the Grand Empire

Question 73

Newton's Principia

A)placed the earth at the center of the universe.
B)rejected the ideas of Copernicus,Kepler,and Galileo.
C)mathematically disproved the universal law of gravitation.
D)supplied the new theory of the universe that combined the work of Copernicus,Kepler,and Galileo.
E)proved that Luther was correct regarding salvation by faith.

Question 74

Instructions: Identify the following term(s).
Elba and Saint Helena

Question 75

The philosophe who praised the checks and balances of the British constitution was

A)Diderot.
B)Voltaire.
C)Montesquieu.
D)Rousseau.
E)Descartes.

Question 76

The Catholic Church condemned the theories of Copernicus and Galileo because they

A)ended the spirituality of the earth.
B)threatened the Scriptures,as the heavens were no longer a spiritual world but a world of matter.
C)was simpler to accept it than to reject its doctrinal challenges.
D)conflicted with those of Newton.
E)were contrary to the Council of Constance.

Question 77

The Ptolemaic view of the universe believed all of the following to be true except

A)the planets were believed to be imperfect and material.
B)the imperfect,motionless earth was in a state of constant change at the center of the universe.
C)heavenly bodies,composed of a crystalline substance,resided in concentric spheres that moved in circular orbits around the earth.
D)God and all the saved souls resided in the Empyrean Heaven that lay beyond the outermost,or tenth,sphere.
E)God and the saved souls were at one end of the universe and humans at the center.

Question 78

A discovery made by Galileo was the

A)development of the calculus.
B)fallacy of the existence of sunspots and the phases of Venus.
C)five moons revolving around Pluto.
D)similarity of the material composition of other planets and the moon to that of the earth.
E)totally flat terrain of the earth's moon.

Question 79

All of the following were relevant to Newton's discoveries except

A)they created a new cosmology.
B)they presented a basically mechanical explanation of things.
C)universal motion could be mathematically explained.
D)his theories had no spiritual ramifications.
E)Einsteinian relativity eventually came to superseded Newtonian mechanism.

Question 80

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding,the writer who said each of us is born with a tabula rasa was

A)John Locke.
B)Rene Descartes.
C)Voltaire.
D)Isaac Newton.
E)Jean-Jacques Rousseau.