Deck 13: Mccrae and Costas Five Factor Trait Theory

Question 1

Allport's notion that people are capable of consciously acting upon their environment in new and innovative ways that permit psychological growth is illustrated by

A)proactive behavior.
B)reactive behavior.
C)causality.
D)determinism.
E)neurotic behavior.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

For Allport, the human personality implies

A)both process and product.
B)both substance and change.
C)both order and diversification.
D)All of these are correct.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When Allport was a young man, he spent a year teaching in Europe.On his return trip home, he visited with his brother Fayette and had a memorable meeting with

A)Freud.
B)Adler.
C)Hitler.
D)Jung.
E)Churchill.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Discuss Allport's concept of personal dispositions and explain how personal dispositions differ from traits.

Question 5

"The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought" is Allport's definition of

A)a system.
B)temperament.
C)traits.
D)personal disposition.
E)personality.

Question 6

For Allport, which of the following is the most basic question underlying all personality theory?

A)What is a proper balance between universal laws and individual uniqueness?
B)How can behavior be determined and yet free?
C)What is the proper sequence of experiences for optimum personality growth?
D)How can psychologists be sure of the validity and reliability of data?
E)How can the major influences on personality be studied?

Question 7

To Allport, the most important structures of personality are

A)personal disposition and proprium.
B)primary traits and secondary traits.
C)cardinal traits and primary traits.
D)common traits and superfactors.

Question 8

The term "character" originally meant

A)an actor.
B)a marking or engraving.
C)an abnormal individual.
D)determinism.

Question 9

Because Allport believed that a personality theory must be broad enough to encompass the growing, evolving individual as well as the static, adjustive person, he advocated the ______ approach to theory building.

A)common sense
B)intuitive
C)subjective
D)experimental
E)eclectic

Question 10

Allport's definition of personality included the notion of personality as

A)both dynamic and organized.
B)exclusively physiological.
C)determined in early childhood.
D)divided into two major types: introverts and extraverts.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 11

Which concept best describes Allport's view of personality?

A)reactive
B)unconscious motivation
C)uniqueness
D)abnormal development

Question 12

Allport's principal concern in personality theory was with

A)factor analysis.
B)the uniqueness of the individual.
C)the heritability of personality traits.
D)early childhood experiences.
E)unconscious motivation.

Question 13

Allport's approach to personality can best be termed

A)trait and factor.
B)psychoanalytic.
C)eclectic.
D)a behavioral analysis.

Question 14

Allport's warning to other theorists, "(do not) forget what you have decided to neglect" reflects his

A)eclecticism.
B)particularism.
C)striving for superiority.
D)provincialism.

Question 15

Discuss Allport's concept of the psychologically healthy personality.

Question 16

Allport called theories in which people are seen as being motivated primarily by needs to reduce tension and to return to a state of equilibrium as

A)proactive theories.
B)retroactive theories.
C)reactive theories.
D)eclectic theories.

Question 17

Allport believed that psychoanalytic and learning theories

A)are basically homeostatic or unchanging.
B)study the psychological healthy individual.
C)are basically proactive.
D)All the above are correct.
E)Only a and b are correct.

Question 18

Allport criticized older theories of personality for

A)using outmoded terminologies and conceptualizations.
B)rejecting nomothetic methods of psychological research.
C)neglecting the normal psychologically healthy individual.
D)neglecting investigations into the dynamics of personality.

Question 19

Describe Allport's theory of motivation through the concept of functional autonomy and give examples of functionally autonomous behaviors.

Question 20

Allport favored a view of personality that regards behavior as

A)proactive.
B)reactive.
C)homeostatic.
D)learned.
E)nonscientific.

Question 21

According to Allport, personal dispositions that are so dominating in one's life that they cannot be hidden are called

A)central traits.
B)cardinal traits.
C)primary traits.
D)learned traits.

Question 22

Allport believed that people are motivated primarily by

A)the single need for self-actualization.
B)the need for sex and the need for aggression.
C)the need to adjust and the need to grow.
D)the need to gain superiority over others.

Question 23

Those aspects of a person regarded as important to a sense of self-identity and self-enhancement are what Allport called

A)cardinal traits.
B)the ego.
C)the self.
D)the self-concept.
E)the proprium.

Question 24

Personal dispositions that are not central to personality, yet occur with some regularity and are responsible for much of one's specific behaviors, Allport termed ______ dispositions.

A)common
B)cardinal
C)secondary
D)propriate
E)reactive

Question 25

Allport placed personal dispositions on a continuum from

A)central to peripheral.
B)conscious to unconscious.
C)reactive to proactive.
D)determined to undetermined.
E)developed to undeveloped.

Question 26

Most people who knew Allport described him as reserved, prim, and orderly.Allport would say that these descriptions are in terms of _____ dispositions.

A)cardinal
B)central
C)secondary
D)peripheral
E)proactive

Question 27

With regard to traits, Allport held that they

A)are of two kinds: primary (inherited) and secondary (learned).
B)are of two kinds: common and individual (personal).
C)have no psychological significance.
D)must be extracted through factor analysis.

Question 28

Allport termed less intensely felt personal dispositions that guide action ______ dispositions.

A)dynamic
B)central
C)cardinal
D)motivational
E)stylistic

Question 29

For Allport, common traits

A)are shared by several people.
B)can be used for intraindividual comparisons.
C)are more important than personal traits.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 30

Allport called strongly felt personal dispositions that initiate action

A)dynamic traits.
B)cardinal dispositions.
C)central traits.
D)motivational dispositions.
E)stylistic traits.

Question 31

To Allport, personal dispositions differ from traits in that they

A)have the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent.
B)initiate and guide behavior.
C)are peculiar to the individual.
D)are neuropsychic structures.

Question 32

The most distinctive or "capstone" concept of Allport's theory of motivation is the concept of

A)the proprium.
B)the open system.
C)common traits.
D)propriate strivings.
E)functional autonomy.

Question 33

Allport contended that adult motives are

A)totally unconscious in their nature.
B)different from children's motives.
C)a form of homeostatic regulation.
D)tied to a single master drive or motive.

Question 34

Allport and Odbert found about ______ personally descriptive words in a standard dictionary.

A)7
B)450
C)4,500
D)18,000

Question 35

Allport, if he were alive today, might object to the label "trait psychologist" because

A)he believed the idea of traits precludes individual uniqueness.
B)he felt that traits had no objective existence that could be demonstrated.
C)he believed that the concept of traits was too specific.
D)he did not regard himself as a psychologist.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 36

Allport's concept that some human motives are independent from the original motive responsible for behavior was termed

A)functional autonomy.
B)functional fixedness.
C)propriate strivings.
D)propriate perseveration.
E)bimodal motivation.

Question 37

According to Allport's definition, personal dispositions

A)render different stimuli functionally equivalent.
B)both initiate and guide behavior.
C)have both a neurological and a psychological component.
D)All of these are correct.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 38

Allport hypothesized that the number of central dispositions for any one person would be about

A)two or three.
B)30 to 50.
C)500 to 600.
D)4,500.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 39

Those behaviors and characteristics that one regards as central to one's life are said by Allport to belong to the

A)self.
B)ego.
C)proprium.
D)society.
E)superego.

Question 40

Allport saw people as being motivated mostly by

A)the need to reduce tension.
B)cultural influences.
C)unconscious forces.
D)a variety of motives.

Question 41

The motives of the mature individual, Allport said, would be

A)to seek self-actualization.
B)self-centered.
C)proactive, conscious, and autonomous.
D)based upon early childhood experiences.
E)to maintain the status quo.

Question 42

Examples of Allport's completely morphogenic methods include all the following EXCEPT

A)autobiographies.
B)self-anchoring scales.
C)body gestures.
D)voice patterns.
E)self-rating scales.

Question 43

"Any acquired system of motivation in which the tensions involved are not of the same kind as the antecedent tensions from which the acquired system developed" is Allport's definition of

A)an open system.
B)the proprium.
C)functional autonomy.
D)idiographic science.

Question 44

According to Allport, present motives are functionally autonomous to the extent that they

A)stem from early childhood.
B)are reinforced by physiological drives.
C)are reinforced by significant others.
D)continually seek out new goals.
E)represent pathological behavior.

Question 45

For Allport, the earmark of maturity is

A)self-love.
B)self-extension.
C)self-acceptance.
D)realistic perceptions.
E)insight and humor.

Question 46

Which of these would NOT be characteristic of the mature, healthy personality, according to Allport?

A)warm relating of self to others
B)insight and humor
C)unifying philosophy of life
D)extension of the sense of self
E)self-centeredness

Question 47

The case of Marion Taylor was interesting to Allport because he studied her personality through which morphogenic method?

A)diaries
B)dreams
C)doodles
D)voice patterns

Question 48

Unconscious processes, said Allport, play an important role in

A)motivating pathological behavior.
B)the lives of all people.
C)motivating healthy adult behavior.
D)no real-life situations.

Question 49

Allport's approach to science emphasizes which methods?

A)morphogenic
B)statistical
C)nomothetic
D)longitudinal
E)cross-cultural

Question 50

For Allport, the term "morphogenic" refers to

A)patterned properties of the whole organism.
B)propriate strivings common to all people.
C)the organization aspect of the proprium.
D)motivational aspects of proactive behavior.

Question 51

Paige's factor analysis of the letters from Jenny revealed

A)a classical paranoid schizophrenic woman.
B)eight to ten central traits.
C)three secondary traits.
D)traits quite different from those derived by Allport through common-sense analysis.

Question 52

Allport believed that insight and humor may be aspects of

A)self-objectification.
B)emotional maturity.
C)reactive behavior.
D)the self as knower.
E)extrinsic religious orientation.

Question 53

The Religious Orientation Scale (ROS) assumes both ______ and ______ orientation toward religion.

A)a theistic; an atheistic
B)a group; an individual
C)a historical; a function
D)a trait; a personal disposition
E)an intrinsic; an extrinsic

Question 54

The technique that Baldwin developed to analyze the structure of Jenny's personality from her letters was called

A)factor analysis.
B)the nomothetic procedure.
C)content analysis.
D)personal structure analysis.
E)the analysis of functional autonomy.

Question 55

According to Allport, any symptom that cannot be extinguished through psychotherapy, or does not change as self-concept changes, is

A)homeostatic in tendency.
B)reactive.
C)a propriate striving.
D)functionally autonomous.

Question 56

Perseverative functional autonomy is

A)the most complex form of functional autonomy.
B)the capstone of Allport's theory of personal dispositions.
C)found in both animals and humans.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 57

Allport's master system of motivation that confers unity on personality is called

A)the ego.
B)perseverative functional autonomy.
C)propriate functional autonomy.
D)the self-concept.

Question 58

Allport used Jenny's letters to support his view that personality

A)is the result of preconscious psychodynamic conflicts.
B)can be determined through handwriting analysis.
C)can best be understood through nomothetic laws.
D)is limited to directly observable behavior.
E)should be studied from the individual's point of view.

Question 59

Which of these is most likely based on perseverative functionally autonomous motives?

A)regression to infantile behaviors
B)contraction of the pupil of the eye
C)addiction to nicotine in cigarettes
D)watching a favorite TV program

Question 60

Allport's criteria for an adequate theory of motivation included all EXCEPT the idea that the theory must

A)allow for the cognitive processes of planning and intention.
B)be based on the concept of a single master motive.
C)acknowledge the fact that motives exist in the present.
D)allow for concrete, unique motives.

Question 61

Allport's theory of personality is based mostly on

A)clinical experience with mentally ill patients.
B)factor analytical studies.
C)experimental investigation.
D)philosophical speculation and common sense.

Question 62

With regard to freedom and determinism, Allport held

A)a deterministic view.
B)that people are completely free.
C)that freedom could be expanded.
D)an existential view.

Question 63

Research has found that highly prejudiced churchgoers scored

A)high on extrinsic religious orientation.
B)high on intrinsic religious orientation.
C)high on both the extrinsic and intrinsic religious orientation.
D)low on both the extrinsic and intrinsic religious orientation.

Question 64

Research indicates that people who score high on the Intrinsic scale of the Religious Orientation Scale (and thus are more involved in their religion) tend to

A)have extreme anxiety.
B)be extremely prejudiced.
C)be emotionally healthy.
D)All of these are correct.
E)None of these is correct.

Question 65

Allport's view of humanity includes the idea that

A)people are motivated mainly to reduce tension.
B)personality is determined for the most part by cultural factors.
C)people seek to reduce tensions and also to establish new ones.
D)people are essentially reactive in their natures.

Question 66

A weakness of Allport's theory of personality is that it

A)is difficult to falsify.
B)is too optimistic.
C)is too pessimistic.
D)is not internally consistent.
E)contains many terms not carefully defined.

Question 67

Research suggests that people who score high on the Extrinsic scale of the Religious Orientation Scale tend to

A)have more than their share of personal problems.
B)not to go to church on a regular basis.
C)have greater self-control than those who score high on the Intrinsic Scale.
D)have good emotional health.

Question 68

According to Allport, which people have the highest level of free will?

A)psychologically healthy, reflective, and intelligent people
B)infants who have not yet learned self-control
C)old people near death who have no fear of the future
D)preadolescents who have not yet become involved in sexual relationships