Deck 12: Allport: Psychology of the Individual

Question 1

May was critical of

A)the antiscientific views of some existentialists.
B)attempts to dilute existential psychology into a painless method of psychological self-help.
C)Carl Rogers's views on the nature of human evil.
D)All the above are correct.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to May, healthy people

A)challenge their destiny.
B)cherish their freedom.
C)deny the inevitability of death.
D)All the above are correct.
E)Only a and b are correct.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

List several common assumptions found among most existentialists.
The basic assumption of existentialism is that existence precedes essence; that is, existence takes precedence over essence.Existence is associated with growth and change; essence signifies stagnation and a final product.
Second, existentialism assumes the unity of subject and object.A person is neither completely subjective nor completely objective.A human relationship is an I-thou relationship rather than an I-you or me-you relationship.The I-thou relationship means that both people are both subject and object.
Third, people search for meaning to their lives.They ask such questions as "Who am I?" and "What does life mean?"
A fourth assumption of existentialism is that each person is ultimately responsible for who he or she is.With this responsibility comes the freedom to choose and to make of ourselves whatever we can.
Existentialism is basically antitheoretical.Theories tend to dehumanize people and render them as objects.Authentic experience takes precedence over artificial and theoretical explanations.

Answer 3

Several common assumptions found among most existentialists include the belief that existence precedes essence, meaning that existence takes precedence over essence and is associated with growth and change, while essence signifies stagnation and a final product. Existentialism also assumes the unity of subject and object, recognizing that a person is neither completely subjective nor completely objective, and that human relationships are I-thou relationships rather than I-you or me-you relationships, meaning that both people are both subject and object. Additionally, existentialists believe that people search for meaning in their lives, asking questions such as "Who am I?" and "What does life mean?" They also assume that each person is ultimately responsible for who he or she is, with the freedom to choose and make of themselves whatever they can. Existentialism is also antitheoretical, prioritizing authentic experience over artificial and theoretical explanations, as theories tend to dehumanize people and render them as objects.

Question 4

May's childhood was marked by

A)closeness to both parents.
B)parental emphasis on educational achievements.
C)a particularly loving relationship with his mother.
D)parental arguments and family strife.

Question 5

List and define the four forms of love, as seen by Rollo May.

Question 6

Rollo May was the foremost spokesperson for the ______ approach to psychology in the United States.

A)humanistic
B)existential
C)psychoanalytic
D)transpersonal
E)nomothetic

Question 7

As a young man, Rollo May, like Erik Erikson,

A)had a personal analysis with Anna Freud.
B)became friends with Sigmund Freud.
C)was strongly influenced by Alfred Adler.
D)traveled through Europe as a wandering artist.
E)had a strong desire to become a minister.

Question 8

May's approach to understanding people is based primarily on his

A)religious faith.
B)scientific research.
C)clinical experience.
D)personal psychoanalysis.
E)experiences in World War II.

Question 9

Existentialists adopt a ______ approach to understanding humanity.

A)historical
B)scientific
C)phenomenological
D)religious
E)common-sense

Question 10

From an existential perspective, as people realize that they are in charge of their own destiny, they experience the

A)fear of failure.
B)burden of freedom.
C)pain of responsibility.
D)b and c

Question 11

May was influenced by Søren Kierkegaard's view of anxiety as a struggle against

A)nonbeing.
B)destiny.
C)fate.
D)intentionality.

Question 12

From an existential perspective, people acquire freedom of action

A)through expanding their self-awareness.
B)by assuming responsibility for their actions.
C)by minimizing the anxiety associated with their actions.
D)All the above are correct.
E)Only a and b are correct.

Question 13

Modern existential psychology has roots in the writings of

A)Søren Kierkegaard.
B)Friedrick Nietzche.
C)Martin Heidegger.
D)Jean-Paul Sartre.

Question 14

For May, "the endeavor to understand [people] by cutting below the cleavage between subject and object" defines

A)existence.
B)essence.
C)authenticity.
D)existentialism.
E)anxiety.

Question 15

Define and explain being-in-the-world and nonbeing

Question 16

Most existentialists believe that

A)existence takes precedence over essence.
B)nonbeing takes precedence over being.
C)subject and object must not be divided.
D)life has no meaning other than pleasure.

Question 17

According to May, the essential unity of the person and environment is called

A)Dasein.
B)Umwelt.
C)Mitwelt.
D)Eigenwelt.

Question 18

Kierkegaard emphasized an equilibrium between

A)action and nonaction.
B)fear and courage.
C)love and hate.
D)freedom and responsibility.

Question 19

Two basic concepts of existentialism are

A)being-in-the-world and nonbeing.
B)normal and neurotic anxiety.
C)subject and object.
D)reality and illusion.

Question 20

Basically, existentialists believe that theories

A)are essential for understanding people.
B)render individuals into objects.
C)increase the authenticity of the individual's experience.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 21

According to May, ontological guilt is experienced

A)when essence precedes existence.
B)only by neurotic or psychotic individuals.
C)only in conjunction with neurotic anxiety.
D)by most people in one form or another.

Question 22

Existentialists believe that most people in modern societies experience alienation due to a separation of

A)body from soul.
B)child from mother.
C)self from the world.
D)body from mind.

Question 23

May claimed that members of technologically advanced civilizations are most likely to suffer guilt connected with

A)Umwelt.
B)Mitwelt.
C)Eigenwelt.
D)Gestalt.

Question 24

According to May, Eigenwelt refers to our relationship to

A)our self.
B)others.
C)our body.
D)the natural world.

Question 25

For May, ontological guilt associated with Mitwelt arises from our

A)separation from the natural world.
B)inability to accurately perceive the world of others.
C)denial of our own potentials.
D)failure to fulfill our own potentials.

Question 26

Freud's psychoanalytic theory, with its emphasis on biological drives and instincts, deals most specifically with

A)Umwelt.
B)Mitwelt.
C)Eigenwelt.
D)Dasein.

Question 27

According to May, people's being-in-the-world is characterized by

A)Umwelt.
B)Mitwelt.
C)Eigenwelt.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 28

For May, the most obvious avenue of nonbeing is

A)unconsciousness.
B)sleep.
C)death.
D)self-consciousness.
E)boredom.

Question 29

May believed that neurotic anxiety

A)is disproportionate to the threat.
B)involves intrapsychic conflict.
C)is managed by blocking off activity and awareness.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 30

May held that Umwelt includes the world of

A)objects and things.
B)myths.
C)our relationships with other people
D)other people's relationships with us.

Question 31

May believed that we experience ______ when we become aware that our existence or some value identified with it may be destroyed.

A)guilt
B)shame
C)nonbeing
D)anxiety

Question 32

Theories that emphasize interpersonal relationships deal mostly with which aspect of being-in-the-world?

A)Umwelt
B)Mitwelt
C)Eigenwelt
D)Dasein
E)Gestalt

Question 33

May recognized three forms of ontological guilt, each of which corresponds to the three

A)modes of Dasein.
B)forms of anxiety.
C)aspects of nonbeing.
D)forms of love.

Question 34

For existentialists, studying people from an external view

A)is superior to studying people from an internal frame of reference.
B)tends to decrease alienation.
C)results in the most complete understanding of the individual's experience.
D)violates both the people and their worlds.

Question 35

______ anxiety "is proportionate to the threat, does not involve repression, and can be confronted constructively on a conscious level," according to May.

A)Basic
B)Ontological
C)Existential
D)Neurotic
E)Normal

Question 36

According to May, respecting another's Dasein is a condition for living in

A)Umwelt.
B)Mitwelt.
C)Eigenwelt.
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 37

May said that neurotic anxiety is experienced when

A)our values are threatened.
B)our existence is threatened.
C)our values are transformed into dogma.
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 38

According to May, drug addiction, alcohol abuse, promiscuous sexual behavior, and other compulsive behaviors can be manifestations of

A)nonbeing.
B)destiny.
C)fate.
D)intentionality.

Question 39

People's feelings of self-isolation and alienation from the world are seen in their

A)separation from nature.
B)lack of meaningful interpersonal relationships.
C)alienation from authentic self.
D)All the above are correct.

Question 40

May claimed that, to the extent that anxiety and guilt arise from our being-in-the-world, they are

A)ontological.
B)neurotic.
C)intentional.
D)teleological.

Question 41

May called ______ the freedom to act on the choices one makes.

A)essential freedom
B)existential freedom
C)freedom of intentionality
D)freedom of will

Question 42

May believed that healthy people

A)unite love and will.
B)separate love and will.
C)strengthen love over will.
D)strengthen will over love.

Question 43

According to May, in North American society, sex is frequently confused with

A)care.
B)eros.
C)pleasure.
D)philia.

Question 44

According to May, a person's refusal to accept ontological guilt

A)leads to superior adaptation.
B)indicates psychological health.
C)leads to neurotic or morbid guilt.
D)has no effect on Dasein.

Question 45

May called ______ "the capacity to organize one's self so that movement in a certain direction or toward a certain goal may take place."

A)intentionality
B)self-control
C)mastery
D)will

Question 46

For May, care is the source of

A)love.
B)will.
C)purpose.
D)both love and will.

Question 47

May said that eros

A)is the salivation of sex.
B)is built on the foundation of agape.
C)is the wish to establish a lasting union.
D)emerges during midlife.

Question 48

For May, ______ is an altruistic kind of love.

A)eros
B)philia
C)agape
D)sex

Question 49

May believed that will

A)requires self-consciousness.
B)implies some possibility of an either/or choice.
C)protects "wish."
D)all of the above.

Question 50

May identified sex, eros, philia, and agape as the

A)primary sources of ontological guilt.
B)modes of Dasein.
C)goals of intentionality.
D)original sources of anxiety.
E)forms of love.

Question 51

May believed that healthy adult relationships are based on

A)sex.
B)eros.
C)philia.
D)agape.
E)All the above are correct.

Question 52

______ is the psychological desire that seeks procreation or creation through an enduring union with a loved one, according to May.

A)Care
B)Agape
C)Philia
D)Eros

Question 53

For May, freedom often leads to

A)increased neurotic anxiety.
B)denial of neurotic anxiety.
C)increased normal anxiety.
D)acceptance of neurotic anxiety.

Question 54

"A delight in the presence of the other person and an affirmation of his value and development as much as one's own" is May's definition of

A)love.
B)care.
C)empathy.
D)intentionality.

Question 55

For May, the concept of intentionality helps bridge the gap between

A)health and illness.
B)life and death.
C)subject and object.
D)guilt and shame.

Question 56

According to May, ______ is an intimate but nonsexual friendship between two people.

A)eros
B)agape
C)sublimation
D)chumship
E)philia

Question 57

According to May, freedom comes from understanding our

A)destiny.
B)intentionality.
C)ontology.
D)essence.

Question 58

According to May, ______ is the structure that gives meaning to our experience and allows us to make decisions about the future

A)intentionality
B)phenomenology
C)ontology
D)agape

Question 59

May considered eros the salvation of

A)sex.
B)philia.
C)agape.
D)care.

Question 60

For May, the source of humanity's most intense pleasure and its most pervasive anxiety is

A)care.
B)sex.
C)eros.
D)nonbeing.

Question 61

Existential therapists must

A)participate fully in the human encounter with the patient.
B)teach the patient a guiding philosophy of life.
C)master the specialized techniques and methods of existential psychotherapy.
D)maintain a dispassionate, attitude toward the patient.

Question 62

For May, neurotic symptoms

A)represent a failure in adjustment.
B)preserve one's Dasein.
C)decrease ontological guilt.
D)lead to agape.

Question 63

May saw psychopathology as a lack of

A)will.
B)love.
C)intentionality.
D)communicativeness.

Question 64

For May, freedom of being is synonymous with

A)existential freedom.
B)essential freedom.
C)freedom of action.
D)freedom from destiny.
E)intentional freedom.

Question 65

May believed that within the boundaries of our destiny,

A)we have no choices.
B)all behavior is predetermined.
C)individuals are not responsible for their actions.
D)we have the power to choose.
E)anything we choose can be achieved.

Question 66

May believed that communication

A)must be accurate and precise.
B)takes place on two levels: prototaxic and parataxic.
C)should transcend the immediate concrete situation and expand self-awareness.
D)takes place on a syntaxic level.

Question 67

Research on terror management theory suggests that reminding people of their own death-that is, making mortality salient-tends to

A)increase their need to preserve their worldview.
B)increase their liking of people who have different political views.
C)decrease their aggression against people who threaten their worldview.
D)decrease gender-role stereotyping.

Question 68

According to May, ______ are the malaise of our time.

A)anxiety and guilt
B)fear and loathing
C)doubt and shame
D)apathy and emptiness
E)greed and lust

Question 69

For May, the purpose of therapy is to

A)teach the patient the existential approach to life.
B)relieve the patient of the burden of freedom.
C)decrease the patient's guilt and anxiety.
D)treat specific neurotic symptoms of the patient.
E)set patients free to make their own choices.

Question 70

May believed that ______ is our ultimate destiny.

A)love
B)will
C)death
D)despair
E)creativity

Question 71

May believed that the story of ______ contains the basic elements of an existential crisis: birth, exile, assertion of independence, search for identity, and death.

A)Oedipus
B)Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
C)Cinderella
D)Three Little Pigs

Question 72

May's concept of humanity includes a belief that people are

A)capable of large degrees of both good and evil.
B)alienated both from themselves and from others.
C)a and b
D)None of the above is correct.

Question 73

May contended that Western civilization

A)currently has too many nonscientific myths.
B)has an urgent need for myths.
C)is a myth.
D)has evolved beyond the need for a myth.

Question 74

According to May, psychologically disturbed individuals deny their

A)anxiety.
B)guilt.
C)love.
D)destiny.
E)illness.

Question 75

May suggested that freedom and destiny are

A)existential illusions.
B)antithetical concepts.
C)totally incompatible with each other.
D)a normal paradox of life.

Question 76

Unlike Carl Rogers, Rollo May was likely to

A)scientifically investigate psychotherapy outcomes.
B)recognize the growth-facilitating benefits of therapy for both therapist and patient.
C)emphasize the importance of an I-thou relationship.
D)offer interpretations to a patient or client.