Deck 17: Physiology of the Kidneys

Question 1

Incontinence could develop as a result of

A)pressure on the detrusor muscle.
B)poor bladder compliance.
C)damage to the external urethral sphincter.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Shock-wave lithotripsy is used to treat

A)polycystic kidney disease.
B)glomerulonephritis.
C)acute renal failure.
D)renal calculi.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a potential filtration barrier in the glomerular capsule?

A)glomerular basement membrane
B)capillary fenestrae
C)parietal layer of the capsule
D)slit diaphragm

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Urine collects in the urinary bladder prior to entry into the urethra.

Question 5

The actions of the kidney include regulation of

A)blood plasma pH.
B)blood plasma volume.
C)blood plasma electrolyte concentration.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 6

The primary filter to exclude proteins from the filtrate is the

A)glomerular basement membrane
B)capillary fenestrae
C)parietal layer of the capsule
D)slit diaphragm

Question 7

The renal pelvis receives urine from the

A)minor calyces.
B)ureters.
C)renal pyramids.
D)major calyces.

Question 8

The main function of the kidneys is the regulation of the intracellular fluid.

Question 9

Which of the following is a layer of the renal corpuscle?

A)glomerular visceral epithelium
B)glomerular parietal epithelium
C)glomerular endothelium
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 10

_______________ is an autosomal dominant inherited condition in which progressive renal failure develops due to expanded portions of the renal tubule.

A)Glomerulonephritis
B)Renal calculus
C)Polycystic kidney disease
D)Pyelonephritis

Question 11

The process of urination is called

A)deglutition.
B)micturition.
C)incontinence.
D)glomerular filtration.

Question 12

The __________ is the functional unit of the kidney.

A)calyx
B)nephron
C)neuron
D)medulla

Question 13

Damage to __________ neurons would impair micturition.

A)parasympathetic
B)sympathetic
C)somatic motor
D)association

Question 14

What structure is an arteriole capillary bed - drained by an arteriole instead of a venule?

A)peritubular capillaries
B)vasa recta
C)glomerulus
D)juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 15

The _______________ nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated urine.

A)juxtamedullary
B)cortical
C)pelvic
D)calical

Question 16

Damage to the lumbar region of the spinal cord could impair micturition.

Question 17

The __________ is a capillary network that produces a blood filtrate that enters the urinary tubules.

A)vasa recta
B)peritubular capillary
C)glomerulus
D)interlobar capillary

Question 18

________ are composed of crystals and proteins that grow until they break loose and pass into the urine collection system.

A)Renal columns
B)Renal calculi
C)Renal calyces
D)Renal pyramids

Question 19

The efferent arteriole delivers blood to the

A)peritubular capillaries
B)vasa recta
C)glomerulus
D)juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures?

A)distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule
B)proximal convoluted tubule, Bowman's capsule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle
C)Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
D)loop of Henle, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule

Question 21

The obligatory water loss needed to excrete metabolic wastes is _____ per day.

A)300 mL
B)400 mL
C)600 mL
D)800 mL

Question 22

The __________ surface of the simple cuboidal epithelia in the proximal convoluted tubule contains microvilli.

A)lateral
B)basal
C)basolateral
D)apical

Question 23

The ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR despite fluctuating blood pressures is called

A)renal plasma threshold.
B)renal transport maximum.
C)renal plasma clearance.
D)renal autoregulation.

Question 24

Elevated blood pressure stimulates an increased glomerular filtration rate.

Question 25

The transport of water is always an active process.

Question 26

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs approximately 65% of water and ions salt entering it.

Question 27

Hypotension would induce __________ of afferent arterioles.

A)constriction
B)dilation
C)no change

Question 28

Through renal autoregulation, an increase in blood pressure will cause the afferent arteriole to ____ and therefore the GFR will _____.

A)dilate, not change
B)dilate, decrease.
C)constrict, decrease.
D)constrict, not change.

Question 29

The sensor in tubuloglomerular feedback is a group of cells called the

A)macula densa.
B)glomerulus.
C)vasa recta.
D)macula lutea.

Question 30

The minimum urine volume needed to excrete metabolic wastes produced by the body is called the

A)renal plasma threshold.
B)renal autoregulation.
C)obligatory water loss.
D)renal transport minimum.

Question 31

Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin.

Question 32

Na⁺ is actively transported into the tubule cells of the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle from the tubular lumen.

Question 33

The average glomerular filtration rate is equal to

A)180 L/day.
B)5.5 L/min.
C)100 mmHg/hour.
D)8 mg/hour.

Question 34

As the tubular filtrate moves through the descending limb of the loop of Henle, the osmolality of the filtrate increases.

Question 35

Dilation of the afferent arteriole would increase glomerular pressure.

Question 36

The majority of reabsorption occurs in the

A)collecting duct.
B)distal convoluted tubule.
C)loop of Henle.
D)proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 37

Na⁺ reabsorption is a(n) __________ process, while Cl^- reabsoprtion is a(n) __________ process.

A)active, active
B)active, passive
C)passive, passive
D)passive, active

Question 38

Glomerular filtration would be decreased by

A)increased plasma protein concentration.
B)increased glomerular filtrate protein concentration.
C)decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
D)increased mean arterial pressure.

Question 39

The return of molecules from the tubules to the blood is called

A)reabsorption.
B)secretion.
C)filtration.
D)autoregulation.

Question 40

Under conditions of severe dehydration approximately 99.2% of the glomerular ultrafiltrate volume is reabsorbed.

Question 41

Antidiuretic hormone

A)stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney.
B)induces fusion of aquaporin containing vesicles with the plasma membrane.
C)is secreted in response to dehydration.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 42

Tubular ultrafiltrate enters the collecting duct from the

A)glomerulus.
B)loop of Henle.
C)distal convoluted tubule.
D)proximal convoluted tubule.

Question 43

Neurohypophyseal secretion of __________ stimulates formation of concentrated urine.

A)aldosterone
B)renin
C)antidiuretic hormone
D)angiotensin I

Question 44

_________ is a nonsalt molecule that contributes to the hypertonicity of the interstitial fluid of the renal tubules.

A)Urea
B)Protein
C)Creatinine
D)Xenobiotic molecule

Question 45

The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as

A)glomerular filtration.
B)renal clearance.
C)micturition.
D)reabsorption

Question 46

The maximal response to antidiuretic hormone occurs in the cortical nephrons.

Question 47

Diabetes mellitus is a disease associated with the inadequate secretion or action of ADH.

Question 48

The __________ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water.

A)ascending
B)descending
C)both limbs
D)neither

Question 49

Water permeability of the proximal convoluted tubule is regulated by antidiuretic hormone.

Question 50

Urea is transported out of the descending loop of Henle to add to the high osmolarity of the medulla.

Question 51

Countercurrent multiplication occurs by the actions of the

A)vasa recta.
B)peritubular capillaries.
C)loop of Henle.
D)Both vasa recta and loop of Henle are correct.

Question 52

The tubular filtrate osmolarity __________ as it flows through the ascending limb of the loop of Henle.

A)increases
B)decreases
C)remains unchanged

Question 53

Urea transport in the collecting duct is a(n) __________ process.

A)active
B)passive
C)exocytosis
D)endocytosis

Question 54

The presence of antidiuretic hormone causes aquaporins to be formed in the collecting duct cells.

Question 55

The __________ acts as a countercurrent exchanger.

A)juxtaglomerular apparatus
B)peritubular capillaries
C)vasa recta
D)macula densa

Question 56

Tubular secretion of drugs is often accomplished by polyspecific organic anion transporters.

Question 57

Antidiuretic hormone exerts its effect via a cAMP second messenger system.

Question 58

The vasa recta have the net effect of concentrating solutes in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla.

Question 59

Inhibition of the functions of the descending limb of the loop of Henle would stimulate

A)decreased water reabsorption.
B)increased Na⁺ reasbsorption.
C)decreased Na⁺ reabsorption.
D)increased water reabsorption.

Question 60

The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the

A)proximal convoluted tubule.
B)base of the Loop of Henle.
C)distal convoluted tubule.
D)cortical portion of the collecting duct.

Question 61

The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted is ___ the GFR.

A)greater than
B)less than
C)equal to

Question 62

Inulin is a good measure of GFR because it is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys.

Question 63

People with diabetes mellitus have glycosuria because

A)the total renal blood flow is low.
B)the plasma glucose concentration is greater than the renal plasma threshold.
C)they have inadequate amounts of ADH.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 64

The minimum plasma concentration of a substance that results in the excretion of that substance in the urine is the

A)transport maximum.
B)GFR.
C)renal plasma clearance.
D)renal plasma threshold.

Question 65

The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered and secreted is ____ the GFR.

A)greater than
B)less than
C)equal to

Question 66

Decreased glomerular filtration rate would

A)increase plasma protein clearance rate.
B)increase plasma urea clearance rate.
C)decrease plasma creatinine clearance rate.
D)decrease plasma glucose clearance rate.

Question 67

Plasma measurement of creatinine is a close estimate of GFR.

Question 68

If the rate of urine formation is 2 ml/min, the urine inulin concentration is 25 mg/ml, and the plasma inulin concentration 0.5 mg/ml, then the GFR is

A)0.04 mL/min.
B)100 mL/min.
C)6.25 mL/min.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 69

Renal clearance of PAH __________ glomerular filtration rate.

A)is equal to
B)exceeds
C)is less than

Question 70

Increased aldosterone secretion stimulates renal potassium retention.

Question 71

People with diabetes mellitus have polyuria because

A)they have inadequate amounts of ADH.
B)they have greater oncotic pressure in the kidney tubules.
C)they have inadequate amounts of aldosterone.
D)they drink a lot of water.

Question 72

Inhibition of __________ secretion from the adrenal cortex stimulates hyperkalemia.

A)aldosterone
B)renin
C)angiotensin I
D)angiotensin II

Question 73

The _________________ is the saturation point of renal carrier molecules.

A)transport maximum
B)GFR
C)renal plasma clearance
D)renal plasma threshold

Question 74

The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered and reabsorbed must be less than the GFR.

Question 75

Inulin clearance gives a measurement of the glomerular filtration rate.

Question 76

Which transporters in the proximal tubule are polyspecific and transport drugs and toxins to the ultrafiltrate?

A)water transporters
B)renal aquaporins
C)organic anion transporters
D)toxiporins

Question 77

Excessive aldosterone secretion would induce

A)decreased plasma potassium.
B)decreased plasma sodium.
C)decreased plasma chloride.
D)no change in plasma ion balance.

Question 78

The effectiveness of some antibiotics, such as penicillin, is enhanced by preventing their excretion by use of

A)toxiporins.
B)organic anion transporters.
C)probenecid.
D)xenobiotics.

Question 79

The concentration of glucose in the glomerular ultrafiltrate is less than that of plasma.

Question 80

The movement of molecules and ions from the peritubular capillaries into interstitial fluid and then into the nephron tubule is called

A)secretion.
B)reabsorption.
C)excretion.
D)filtration.