Deck 14: Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, and Bloodpressure

Question 1

The ejection fraction is

A)normally about 60% at rest.
B)the ratio of end diastolic volume to end systolic volume.
C)increased by parasympathetic agonists.
D)decreased by sympathetic agonists.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Preload is the amount of blood in the ventricles right before they begin to contract.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Acetylcholine binds to _______ receptors of the heart and causes the opening of ___ channels.

A)muscarinic, K⁺
B)nicotinic, K⁺
C)muscarinic, Na⁺
D)nicotinic, Na⁺

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Stroke volume is directly proportional to

A)preload.
B)contractility.
C)total peripheral resistance.
D)Both preload and contractility.

Question 5

Norepinephrine agonists would increase cardiac output.

Question 6

Positive inotropic agents increase intracellular Ca²⁺ in the myocardium.

Question 7

The Frank-Starling law of the heart describes an intrinsic regulation of stroke volume.

Question 8

Congestive heart failure occurs when the pumping efficiency of the heart increases.

Question 9

Stroke volume is affected by all of the following EXCEPT

A)total peripheral resistance.
B)emotional stress.
C)cardiac contractility.
D)end diastolic volume (EDV).

Question 10

Stroke volume is increased as systemic blood pressure increases.

Question 11

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole is known as the

A)after-load.
B)pre-diastolic volume (PDV).
C)stroke volume (SV).
D)end-diastolic volume (EDV).

Question 12

Stroke volume is inversely proportional to

A)preload.
B)contractility.
C)total peripheral resistance.
D)Both preload and contractility.

Question 13

Cardiac output is equal to

A)stroke volume - cardiac rate.
B)stroke volume / cardiac rate.
C)stroke volume + cardiac rate.
D)Stroke volume x cardiac rate

Question 14

Mechanisms that affect cardiac rate are said to have a chronotropic effect.

Question 15

In response to increased ventricular filling

A)total peripheral resistance increases.
B)sympathetic nerves release norepinephrine.
C)myocardial cells stretch.
D)myocardial contractility in decreases.

Question 16

Norepinephrine is released from __________ nerves, causing heart rate to _______.

A)parasympathetic, increase.
B)parasympathetic, decrease.
C)sympathetic, increase.
D)sympathetic, decrease.

Question 17

According to the Frank-Starling Law of the heart, as contraction strength increases the stroke volume

A)decreases.
B)increases.
C)shows no change.

Question 18

Cardiac output increases as heart rate increases.

Question 19

Muscle length has a more pronounced effect on contraction strength in cardiac muscle than in skeletal muscle.This is because cardiac muscle has a greater sensitivity to

A)depolarization.
B)lactic acid.
C)calcium.
D)parasympathetic antagonists.

Question 20

The cardiac control center of the _______ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart.

A)pons
B)cerebrum
C)medulla oblongata
D)midbrain

Question 21

A renin secreting tumor would induce hypertension.

Question 22

Edema may result from increased plasma protein concentrations.

Question 23

Since veins can distend more with pressure, they are called _____ vessels.

A)resistance
B)stretchy.
C)capacitance.
D)Both resistance and stretchy are correct.

Question 24

At rest, most blood is within the venous system.

Question 25

Water is a diuretic.

Question 26

Vasopressin induces renal water

A)secretion.
B)excretion.
C)filtration.
D)reabsorption.

Question 27

Angiotensin I is formed from the plasma protein ____ by the action of the enzyme _____.

A)Angiotensin II; renin.
B)angiotensinogen; ACE.
C)angiotensinogen; renin.
D)renin: ACE.

Question 28

What is the main force that causes fluids to enter the venous end of a capillary?

A)hydrostatic pressure in the capillary
B)hydrostatic force in the interstitial fluid
C)colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary (blood plasma)
D)colloid osmotic pressure in the interstitial fluid

Question 29

The opposing forces that affect fluid movements across a capillary are known as

A)oncotic pressures.
B)Starling forces.
C)colloid osmotic pressures.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 30

Elephantiasis is caused by

A)decreased plasma protein concentration.
B)obstruction of lymphatic drainage.
C)high arterial blood pressure.
D)myxedema.

Question 31

__________ is a steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex which stimulates kidney salt reabsorption in the kidneys.

A)ADH
B)Aldosterone
C)Renin
D)Angiotensin

Question 32

The ______________ is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of tissue interstitial fluid outside the capillaries.

A)net filtration pressure
B)blood pressure
C)osmotic pressure
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 33

Edema would be induced by all of the following EXCEPT

A)hypertension.
B)protein malnutrition.
C)lymphatic blockage.
D)hyperthyroidism.

Question 34

Oncotic pressure is the difference between the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma and the colloid osmotic pressure of tissue fluid.

Question 35

Venous return is increased by all of the following EXCEPT

A)exhalation.
B)the skeletal muscle pump.
C)hypertension.
D)sympathetic stimulation of the veins.

Question 36

Net filtration would be decreased by

A)liver damage.
B)increased hepatic protein synthesis.
C)hypotension.
D)increased cellular metabolism.

Question 37

Cardiac output would be increased by

A)sympathetic antagonists.
B)parasympathetic agonists.
C)negative inotropic agents.
D)positive chronotropic agents.

Question 38

ADH secretion is stimulated when osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect a decrease in blood osmolality.

Question 39

Hydrostatic pressure is ______ and colloid osmotic pressure is ______ at the arterial end of a capillary.

A)higher, higher
B)higher, lower
C)lower, lower
D)lower, higher

Question 40

An increase in blood volume in the left atrium will ______ ADH secretion.

A)stimulate
B)inhibit
C)have no effect on

Question 41

At rest, blood flow is greatest in the

A)skin and GI tract.
B)brain and liver.
C)GI tract and liver.
D)kidneys and skin.

Question 42

ADH would be considered a(n) ____________ regulator of blood flow.

A)intrinsic
B)extrinsic
C)hormonal
D)Both extrinsic and hormonal are correct

Question 43

Endothelin causes

A)vasoconstriction.
B)vasodilation.
C)no effect.

Question 44

Sympathetic stimulation promotes an overall increase in blood flow resistance.

Question 45

Hypotension could be induced by

A)excessive renin secretion.
B)excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion.
C)excessive aldosterone secretion.
D)excessive atrial natriuretic factor secretion.

Question 46

Vasodilation is induced by all of the following EXCEPT

A)increased tissue carbon dioxide.
B)decreased tissue metabolism.
C)decreased tissue oxygen.
D)increased extracellular K⁺.

Question 47

The heart produced hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), functions antagonistically to

A)ADH.
B)aldosterone.
C)angiotensin I.
D)glucocorticoids.

Question 48

Immersion in water will lead to increased dieresis.

Question 49

A decrease in total peripheral resistance would cause blood flow to

A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)remain unchanged.

Question 50

Increased blood flow to an organ is induced by decreased tissue H⁺ concentrations.

Question 51

____________ inhibits norepinephrine reuptake thereby it induces vasoconstriction.

A)Nicotine
B)Cocaine
C)Norepinephrine
D)Muscarine

Question 52

Tripling blood vessel radius would increase blood flow 64-fold.

Question 53

Vascular smooth muscle can directly respond to changes in pressure.This type of control is called

A)metabolic.
B)extrinsic.
C)vasogenic.
D)myogenic.

Question 54

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors like captopril block the formation of angiotensin II, thus reducing

A)vasodilation.
B)renal reabsorption.
C)vasoconstriction.
D)renal excretion.

Question 55

Blood volume would be increased by

A)decreased vasopressin secretion.
B)decreased aldosterone secretion.
C)increased renin secretion.
D)increased atrial natriuretic factor secretion.

Question 56

Increased blood flow resistance is caused by

A)increased blood vessel length.
B)decreased blood viscosity.
C)vasodilation.
D)increased blood pressure.

Question 57

Blood flow is increased by

A)hypotension.
B)anemia.
C)vasoconstriction.
D)edema.

Question 58

Nitric oxide (NO) causes

A)vasoconstriction.
B)vasodilation.
C)no effect.

Question 59

Blood flow would be increased by

A)histamines.
B)antihistamines.
C)thromboxane A₂.
D)angiotensin II.

Question 60

Nitroglycerine causes vasodilation of blood vessels due to its effects on levels of

A)histamine.
B)bradykinin.
C)nitric oxide.
D)prostacyclin.

Question 61

During exercise, blood flow to the heart increases.

Question 62

Cardiovascular changes resulting from moderate exercise include

A)increased total peripheral resistance.
B)increased blood flow to the skin.
C)increased visceral blood flow.
D)decreased stroke volume.

Question 63

Dizziness during hyperventilation is due to a decrease in cerebral blood flow.The decreased blood flow is caused by

A)vasodilation.
B)decreased stroke volume.
C)vasoconstriction.
D)decreased respiration.

Question 64

Arterial blood pressure is influenced by

A)vasoconstriction.
B)cardiac rate.
C)cardiac output.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 65

Resistance in cerebral blood vessels is decreased by hypoventilation.

Question 66

In response to increased internal temperature blood flow to the skin will

A)increase.
B)decrease.
C)remain unchanged.

Question 67

During exercise all of the following occur EXCEPT

A)deeper breathing.
B)increased cardiac output.
C)increased oncotic pressure.
D)visceral vasoconstriction.

Question 68

Which type of muscle has the greatest capillary density?

A)skeletal
B)smooth
C)cardiac

Question 69

When the arteriovenous anastomoses are stimulated by sympathetic nerve fibers, the superficial capillary loops are

A)engorged with blood.
B)collapsed.
C)by passed.
D)not affected.

Question 70

During maximal exercise, the skeletal muscles can receive as much as ____ of the total blood flow.

A)35%
B)45%
C)65%
D)85%

Question 71

A(n) ___________ is a cylindrical support used to keep an artery open.

A)coronary bypass
B)angioplasty
C)stent
D)angiogram

Question 72

If cardiac output increases, the peripheral resistance must _____ for arterial blood pressure to remain constant.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)no change

Question 73

During diastole, blood flow in the coronary arteries decreases.

Question 74

When active areas of the brain receive excessive blood flow over their aerobic requirements, this is called

A)hyperemia.
B)hypoemia.
C)hypersensitive.
D)myogenic.

Question 75

Reactive hyperemia is

A)increased blood flow due to increased metabolism.
B)increased blood flow after removal of constriction due to accumulated metabolic products.
C)increased blood flow due to sepsis.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 76

Coronary bypass surgery is performed

A)to limit myocardial ischemia.
B)to increase blood pressure.
C)in response to an aneurysm.
D)in response to hypertension.

Question 77

Active hyperemia is

A)increased blood flow due to increased metabolism.
B)increased blood flow after removal of constriction due to accumulated metabolic products.
C)increased blood flow due to sepsis.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 78

During exercise, all of the following occur EXCEPT

A)increased stroke volume.
B)increased cardiac rate.
C)shunting of blood from visceral organs to skeletal muscle and heart.
D)increased vasoconstriction of coronary arteries.

Question 79

Moderate exercise causes increased visceral organ blood flow.

Question 80

During moderate exercise cerebral blood flow

A)increases.
B)decreases.
C)remains unchanged.