Deck 1: The Study of Body Function

Question 1

A hypothesis is scientific if it

A)supports other hypotheses.
B)can be tested.
C)refutes other hypotheses.
D)uses observational analyses.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Negative feedback results in a response that opposes that of the original stimulus.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

When a scientist performs measurements in an experiment and does not know if the subject is part of the experimental or the control group, it is known as a _________ measurement.

A)blind
B)qualitative
C)null
D)statistical

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Physiology

A)emphasizes cause-and-effect mechanisms.
B)includes the fields of chemistry and psychology.
C)ignores the scientific method.
D)ultimately strives to understand the structures of individual cells.

Question 5

____________ trials maximize the number of test participants and include human participants of both sexes, different ethnic groups, and those who have health problems besides the one that the drug is designed to treat.

A)Phase I clinical
B)Phase II clinical
C)Phase III clinical
D)Phase IV clinical

Question 6

Aristotle is considered the father of physiology because he attempted to apply physical laws to the study of human function.

Question 7

An integrating center of a negative feedback loop has the function of analyzing information from many different sensors about deviations from a set point and then altering the activity of particular effectors to compensate for the deviation.

Question 8

Phase IV clinical drug trials involve testing a drug only on the specific human population who have the condition that the drug is intended to treat.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT part of a phase I clinical trial?

A)testing on the target human population
B)testing how the drug is metabolized
C)testing how rapidly the drug is removed from the body
D)testing the most effective administration of the drug

Question 10

Endocrine gland secretion is often controlled by the nervous system.

Question 11

The study of disease processes aids in the understanding of normal functions.

Question 12

The study of how disease or injury alters physiological processes is termed

A)comparative physiology.
B)the scientific method.
C)pathophysiology.
D)anatomy.

Question 13

For a theory to be scientific and accepted, it must be based on

A)reproducible data.
B)blind faith.
C)a single hypothesis.
D)the word of a professional scientist.

Question 14

The term homeostasis was coined by Walter Cannon to describe the constancy of the milieu interieur.

Question 15

Scientific theories are based on a single hypothesis.

Question 16

The scientific method is only concerned with experimentation.

Question 17

The first step in the scientific method involves the formation of a(n)

A)theory.
B)law.
C)experiment.
D)hypothesis.

Question 18

Blood clotting is an example of positive feedback since the action of the effector amplifies that of the stimulus.

Question 19

It is NOT possible to determine whether the data collected in an experiment are different between the control and experimental groups unless the scientist employs the use of the mathematical tools of

A)algebra.
B)trigonometry.
C)statistics.
D)graphing.

Question 20

The Nobel Prize was awarded to ___________, ___________, and ____________ for determining the structure of DNA.

A)Watson, Krebs, Buck
B)Crick, Wilkins, Watson
C)Buck, Axel, Pavlov
D)Krebs, Sperry, Huxley

Question 21

The primary stimulus for insulin secretion is

A)increased blood glucose concentrations.
B)increased blood calcium concentrations.
C)increased body temperature.
D)increased exposure to sunlight.

Question 22

Homeostasis is best described as a static, unchanging state of the internal environment.

Question 23

Homeostasis is best thought of as being a state of

A)constant fluctuation.
B)stasis.
C)dynamic constancy.
D)inconsistency.

Question 24

The control of hormone secretion by its own effects is called

A)positive feedback.
B)negative feedback.
C)negative feedback inhibition.
D)antagonist effector.

Question 25

Insulin is secreted from structures called

A)pancreatic islets.
B)sebaceous glands.
C)apocrine glands.
D)intercalated discs.

Question 26

If blood glucose levels decrease from normal, which of the following changes takes place to bring glucose levels back to normal?

A)increase in insulin - increase in glucagon
B)increase in insulin - decrease in glucagon
C)decrease in insulin - increase in glucagon
D)decrease in insulin - decrease in glucagon

Question 27

_________________ homeostatic regulatory mechanisms are "built-in" to the organs being regulated.

A)Intrinsic
B)Extrinsic
C)Exothermic
D)Passive

Question 28

____________ mg/100 ml is the approximate normal range of blood glucose concentration after fasting.

A)0 to 80
B)50 to 150
C)75 to 110
D)90 to 120

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT an example of positive feedback?

A)LH surge
B)labor contractions
C)blood glucose maintenance
D)blood clotting

Question 30

Endocrine glands secrete ____________ in response to specific stimuli.

A)enzymes
B)hormones
C)water
D)mucus

Question 31

In positive feedback mechanisms, the action of an effector is

A)unchanged.
B)increased.
C)decreased.
D)decreased, then increased.

Question 32

Negative feedback is NOT involved in the regulation of

A)body temperature.
B)blood glucose concentrations.
C)blood calcium concentrations.
D)blood clotting.

Question 33

The endocrine regulation of blood glucose concentration is an example of a(n)

A)antagonistic effector.
B)positive feedback loop.
C)negative feedback loop.
D)Both antagonistic effector and negative feedback loop are correct.

Question 34

____________ and ____________ are often regulators of effectors in most feedback loops.

A)Enzymes, neurotransmitters
B)Hormones, neurotransmitters
C)Nerves, enzymes
D)Hormones, nerves
E)Enzymes, hormones

Question 35

A decrease in mean arterial pressure is detected by

A)an effector.
B)an integrating center.
C)a sensor.
D)a chemical messenger.

Question 36

Which of the following systems is NOT primarily involved in maintaining homeostasis?

A)the endocrine system
B)the nervous system
C)both the endocrine system and the nervous system
D)the reproductive system

Question 37

An integrating center sends information to a(n)

A)sensor.
B)effector.
C)brain region.
D)thermostat.

Question 38

The normal range of arterial blood pH is

A)6.50-7.50.
B)7.35-7.45.
C)6.95-7.05.
D)7.15-7.25.

Question 39

Tissues are groups of cells that have similar functions.

Question 40

The secretion of many hormones is regulated through negative feedback inhibition.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main parts of a neuron?

A)dendrites
B)cell body
C)neurofibrils
D)axon

Question 42

Contraction of ____________ muscle can be consciously controlled.

A)cardiac
B)smooth
C)skeletal

Question 43

Intercalated discs would be found in muscles attached to the skeleton.

Question 44

Cells providing support for nervous tissue are termed

A)neurons.
B)chondrocytes.
C)neuroglial cells.
D)osteocytes.

Question 45

The highly branched extensions of a neuron whose function is to receive input from other neurons or receptor cells are called

A)dendrites.
B)axons.
C)cell bodies.
D)glia.

Question 46

Organs involved in carrying out related functions are grouped into systems.

Question 47

Neuroglial cells are supporting cells present in the

A)brain.
B)spinal cord.
C)effector organs.
D)Both the brain and spinal cord.

Question 48

Intercalated discs couple ________ cells both mechanically and electrically.

A)smooth muscle
B)myocardial
C)skeletal muscle
D)both myocardial and skeletal muscle

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT a primary tissue of the body?

A)nervous
B)epithelium
C)muscular
D)osseous

Question 50

Stratified epithelial membranes provide little protection but transport substances between the internal and external environments.

Question 51

Organs are comprised of a minimum of two primary tissues.

Question 52

Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?

A)The cells are branched.
B)These cells are attached to skeletal bones by tendons.
C)Intercalated discs connect adjacent cells.
D)These cells are found in the digestive tract.

Question 53

Nervous tissue is specialized to produce and conduct electrical impulses.

Question 54

All skeletal muscles cause movement of the skeleton.

Question 55

Myofibers are formed from fused myoblasts and thus each of these muscle cells is actually a syncytium.

Question 56

Muscle found in association with blood vessels would be striated.

Question 57

_______________ is a series of wavelike contractions of circular and longitudinal layers of muscle that push food from one end of the digestive tract to the other.

A)Peristalsis
B)Locomotion
C)Negative feedback inhibition
D)A graded contraction

Question 58

Epithelial membranes cover body surfaces and line the cavity of organs.

Question 59

These muscle cells do NOT have a striated appearance.

A)skeletal muscle cells
B)smooth muscle cells
C)cardiac muscle cells
D)both smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells

Question 60

A transitional epithelium consists of a single layer of rounded, nonkeratinized cells which function to strengthen luminal walls.

Question 61

Histological examination of a membrane shows several layers of keratinized flattened cells.This sample most likely came from

A)the epidermis of the skin.
B)the lining of the oral cavity.
C)the lining of the urinary bladder.
D)the lining of the digestive tract.

Question 62

Membranes are formed by ____________ tissue.

A)nervous
B)muscular
C)neuroglial
D)epithelial

Question 63

The entire epidermis is replaced every

A)2-3 days.
B)2 weeks.
C)2-3 hours.
D)2 months.

Question 64

_______________ glands secrete chemicals through a duct that leads to the outside of a membrane.

A)Endocrine
B)Exocrine

Question 65

Bacteria are responsible for the characteristic body odor of apocrine sweat.

Question 66

A single layer of irregularly shaped epithelial cells found lining the respiratory tract is called

A)simple columnar epithelium.
B)stratified cuboidal epithelium.
C)pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
D)transitional epithelium.

Question 67

Specialized epithelial cells that line the urinary bladder that allow distention make up

A)transitional epithelium.
B)stratified cuboidal epithelium.
C)simple columnar epithelium.
D)nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 68

The ____________ is the polysaccharide layer attaching an epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.

A)goblet cell
B)epidermis
C)basement membrane
D)plasma membrane

Question 69

The primary structural protein of basement membranes is

A)keratin.
B)collagen
C)cartilage.
D)bone.

Question 70

One exocrine function of the skin is the synthesis and secretion of melanin from the sebaceous glands.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT an example of an exocrine gland?

A)mucous gland
B)sweat gland
C)salivary gland
D)testes cells that secrete testosterone

Question 72

Clusters of cells in exocrine glands are termed

A)goblet cells.
B)acini (acinar) cells.
C)islet cells.
D)reticular cells.

Question 73

Epithelial tissue will bleed profusely when cut.

Question 74

Which type of epithelial membrane would be found lining the uterine tubes?

A)simple ciliated columnar epithelium
B)stratified cuboidal epithelium
C)nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
D)simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 75

Epithelial membranes that are more than one layer thick are called

A)simple.
B)stratified.
C)squamous.
D)ciliated.

Question 76

Specialized unicellular glands found in columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelium that secrete mucus are

A)cilia.
B)keratin.
C)transitional cells.
D)goblet cells.

Question 77

Cells that are as wide as they are tall have a(n) ____________ shape.

A)squamous
B)cuboidal
C)columnar
D)rectangular

Question 78

The lining of the stomach is renewed every

A)2-3 days.
B)2 weeks.
C)2-3 hours.
D)2 months.

Question 79

All glands that secrete into the digestive tract are

A)endocrine.
B)exocrine.
C)both endocrine and exocrine.
D)sebaceous glands.

Question 80

Sebaceous glands are responsible for the lubrication of the skin.