Deck 3: Extension C: Human Development

Question 1

When presented with "The Porcupine and the Moles" story, the girls in Gilligan's study tended to use an ethic of _____, while the boys used _____.

A)justice; caring
B)caring; justice
C)logistics; common sense
D)autonomy; logical reasoning

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A politician campaigning on a law-and-order platform is appealing to people at what stage of moral development?

A)preconventional
B)postconventional
C)conventional
D)nonconformist

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In which level of moral development is moral reasoning directed by self-chosen ethical principles that tend to be general, comprehensive, or universal?

A)preoperational level
B)preconventional level
C)conventional level
D)postconventional level

Answer 3

D

Question 4

In the example of the moral dilemma involving the druggist, which of the following responses would demonstrate the morality of individual principles orientation?

A)People would think he was dishonest.
B)The druggist may be wrong, but the law says stealing is wrong.
C)His wife may be ill, but if he steals the drug, he may get caught.
D)He should steal the drug but admit to it.

Question 5

Regarding Kohlberg's moral development levels, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)The rate of advancement through Kohlberg's moral development levels is relatively constant for different individuals.
B)Almost everyone reaches the final stage of the postconventional level.
C)Young children and delinquents most frequently show moral reasoning at the preconventional level.
D)Nearly all adults are relegated to the preconventional level.

Question 6

In the _____ level of moral development, reasoning is based on a desire to please others or to follow accepted authority, rules, and values.

A)preconventional
B)conventional
C)unconventional
D)postconventional

Question 7

Using a story such as "The Porcupine and the Moles," Gilligan was able to demonstrate that

A)Kohlberg's moral classification system is concerned mainly with the ethics of justice.
B)boys tend to use ethics involving care and responsibility to solve the problem in the story.
C)girls tend to choose a solution based on justice to solve the problem in the story.
D)all of these were true.

Question 8

The preconventional level of moral development is most characteristic of

A)adults.
B)adolescents.
C)young children and delinquents.
D)young adults.

Question 9

In the example of the moral dilemma involving the druggist, which of the following responses would demonstrate the preconventional level?

A)Even if he steals the drug, his wife will probably die before he gets out of jail.
B)The druggist may be wrong, but the law says stealing is wrong.
C)People would think he was dishonest.
D)He should steal the drug but admit to it.

Question 10

Kohlberg estimates that _____ percent of the population reach the stage of postconventional morality.

A)20
B)30
C)50
D)75

Question 11

Conventional, group-oriented morals are typical of

A)delinquents.
B)young children.
C)older children and most adults.
D)only 20 percent of the adult population.

Question 12

Jorge does not cheat on tests or copy other students' work because he does not want to be suspended from school and receive a zero on his test or other schoolwork.If Jorge uses this type of moral reasoning in most situations, one could say that Jorge is at the _____ of moral development.

A)preconventional level
B)conventional level
C)postconventional level
D)postformal level

Question 13

_____ pointed out that Kohlberg's system is concerned mainly with justice and that women when faced with real-life dilemmas tend to use an ethic of caring.

A)Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
B)Margaret Washburn
C)Anna Freud
D)Carol Gilligan

Question 14

A human resources employee at a large corporation is told by his supervisor to hire the supervisor's unqualified relative for a job.Even though he may get fired, this human resources employee chooses instead to hire a qualified applicant because he believes this is the "right thing" to do based on his own ethical standards.Which level of moral reasoning guided this employee's decision?

A)postformal level
B)preconventional level
C)conventional level
D)postconventional level

Question 15

Although Scott does not like to do lawn work, he cares for his lawn because "what would people think if he let his yard grow up." When using this line of reasoning, Scott is exhibiting which level of moral development?

A)preoperational level
B)preconventional level
C)conventional level
D)postconventional level

Question 16

A nurse comes upon an accident.No one else is around but there is a store nearby.She takes a rock and breaks the window to obtain a phone and supplies to help the victim.When the police arrive, she tells them what she did.Which level of moral development is the nurse exhibiting?

A)postconventional level
B)preconventional level
C)conventional level
D)postformal level

Question 17

In which level of moral development is moral thinking guided by the consequences of actions, such as punishment, reward, or an exchange of favors?

A)preconventional
B)postconventional
C)conventional
D)relational exchange

Question 18

Patti does not speed on the highway because she is afraid of getting another ticket and losing her license and her insurance.If Patti uses this type of moral reasoning in most situations, one could say that Patti is at the _____ of moral development.

A)preconventional level
B)conventional level
C)postconventional level
D)postformal level

Question 19

In the example of the moral dilemma involving the druggist, which of the following responses would demonstrate the conventional level?

A)People would think he was dishonest and a "thief."
B)Even if he steals the drug, his wife will probably die before he gets out of jail.
C)His wife may be ill, but if he steals the drug he may get caught and go to jail.
D)He should steal the drug and admit to it.

Question 20

Which of the following responses to the "druggist dilemma" would demonstrate moral reasoning at the conventional level?

A)Although his wife needs the drug, the law says that stealing is wrong.
B)Even if he steals the drug, his wife will probably die before he gets out of jail.
C)He cannot steal the drug because he might get caught and go to jail.
D)He should steal the drug to save his wife and then go "turn himself in" to the law.

Question 21

Infants who receive inadequate or unpredictable care or have parents who are cold, indifferent, or rejecting develop

A)shame and doubt.
B)guilt.
C)mistrust.
D)inferiority.

Question 22

According to _____, we face a specific psychosocial dilemma at each stage of life.

A)James Coleman
B)Lawrence Kohlberg
C)Erik Erikson
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 23

According to Erikson, the major conflict in the first year of life is that between

A)trust versus mistrust.
B)initiative versus guilt.
C)autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D)relatedness versus isolation.

Question 24

At each life stage, a new set of _____ must typically be mastered for optimal development.

A)developmental initiatives
B)developmental tasks
C)personality crises
D)personality skills

Question 25

Maggie always feeds and cares for her newborn infant when he shows signs of hunger or discomfort.By providing her infant with this predictable care, Erikson would say that Maggie's infant will

A)develop trust.
B)become spoiled.
C)develop a mistrust his own abilities.
D)become overstimulated by so much attention.

Question 26

Regarding her research on moral development, Carol Gilligan believes

A)that male psychologists have, for the most part, defined moral maturity in terms of justice and autonomy.
B)that from Kohlberg's perspective a woman's concern with relationships could look like a weakness rather than a strength.
C)that caring is a major element of moral development and that males lag behind in achieving it.
D)all of these.

Question 27

Resolving psychosocial dilemmas successfully is important because

A)success or failure affects later adjustment.
B)it restores the balance between the id and ego.
C)such stress is a major source of psychosomatic disorder.
D)cultures are very unforgiving of persons who are not successful.

Question 28

Skills that must be mastered or personal changes that must be made for optimal development, such as learning to read, adjusting to sexual maturity, or establishing a vocation are best described as

A)developmental milestones.
B)psychosocial dilemmas.
C)moral dilemmas.
D)developmental tasks.

Question 29

Which of the following statements summarizes the current state of the debate between Kohlberg's emphasis on justice and Gilligan's focus on caring in moral development?

A)Studies have found little or no differences between men and women in overall moral reasoning abilities.
B)Both men and women may use caring and justice to make moral decisions.
C)For both women and men, whether basing their decisions on caring or justice may depend on the situation they face.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 30

Because she does not want to "spoil" her new baby, Theresa feeds and takes care of her baby's physical needs when she thinks the baby needs the care, not when the baby cries to indicate his needs.If Theresa continues caring for the baby in this way, the baby is likely to develop

A)trust.
B)mistrust.
C)autonomy.
D)shame and doubt.

Question 31

Erikson termed the conflicts one experiences between personal impulses and the social world

A)developmental milestones.
B)psychosocial dilemmas.
C)moral dilemmas.
D)developmental tasks.

Question 32

Gilligan's claim that boys lag behind girls in achieving caring

A)has generally been supported by research.
B)applies to conventional level children only.
C)has generally not been supported by research.
D)occurs only when interpreting stories, but not in real life situations.

Question 33

Erikson felt that each stage of development was distinguished by a(n)

A)need for approval.
B)psychosocial dilemma.
C)sexual conflict.
D)attachment dilemma.

Question 34

According to Erikson, the first dilemma a newborn infant must resolve is

A)independence versus dependence.
B)initiative versus guilt.
C)trust versus mistrust.
D)attachment versus confusion.

Question 35

According to Erikson, failure to resolve a psychosocial dilemma or crisis at a particular life stage

A)causes a person to become psychotic.
B)leads to a person developing antisocial tendencies.
C)makes it harder for the person to deal with the later crises.
D)causes a person to become fixated at this stage leading to anxiety and repression.

Question 36

_____ proposed eight stages of psychosocial development.

A)Jean Piaget
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Erik Erikson
D)Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 37

When resolving psychosocial dilemmas,

A)a new balance is created between a person and society.
B)success can lead to healthy development and a satisfying life.
C)unfavorable outcomes can have a negative impact when coping with later crises.
D)all of these can occur.

Question 38

Notable events, such as graduating from high school, getting married, having a child, or the death of a parent are best described as

A)moral dilemmas
B)developmental tasks
C)psychosocial dilemmas
D)developmental milestones

Question 39

Every life is marked by a number of _____, which are notable events, markers, or turning points in personal development.

A)moral dilemmas
B)developmental tasks
C)psychosocial dilemmas
D)developmental milestones

Question 40

From the perspective of Erik Erikson, life stages are important because

A)each involves a crisis or dilemma.
B)each signals a new stage of cognitive development.
C)each is an expression of biological programming.
D)their failure to appear is evidence of psychopathology.

Question 41

Initiative is fostered by

A)parents giving a child the freedom to use imagination and to choose activities.
B)a child's play experiences.
C)encouragement from parents when a child plans and carries out a task.
D)all of these.

Question 42

_____ comes from the same conditions that help babies become securely attached to their parents.

A)Autonomy
B)Trust
C)Intimacy
D)Integrity

Question 43

Pedro is eight years old and is in elementary school.According to Erikson's theory, the major conflict for Pedro is

A)autonomy vs.shame and doubt.
B)initiative vs.guilt.
C)industry vs.inferiority.
D)identity vs.role confusion.

Question 44

Little Billy is constantly climbing, exploring, and trying to do things for himself.His parents try to restrict this exploring and also tend to ridicule his efforts when he makes a mess.According to Erikson, the actions of Billy's parents may cause Billy to feel

A)shame and doubt.
B)guilt.
C)mistrust.
D)inferiority.

Question 45

According to Erikson, if her parents encourage little Tanya to ask questions, to use her imagination, and give her the freedom to choose activities, they are encouraging

A)industry.
B)identity.
C)generativity.
D)initiative.

Question 46

Two-year-old Marcus wants to dress, eat, and walk without his mother's assistance.Erikson would say that the child is operating at the stage of

A)initiative vs.guilt.
B)industry vs.inferiority.
C)trust vs.mistrust.
D)autonomy vs.shame and doubt.

Question 47

Joe is finishing high school, and he does not know whether he wants to go to college or get a job.Rather than explore the options, he chooses to stay home during the summer and watch television.Erikson would say that Joe is exhibiting

A)shame and doubt.
B)despair.
C)role confusion.
D)stagnation.

Question 48

According to Erikson, children learn a sense of _____ if they win praise for productive activities valued by society, while if their efforts in learning various skills are regarded as messy, childish, or inadequate, feelings of _____ result.

A)initiative; shame and doubt
B)autonomy; despair
C)generativity; stagnation
D)industry; inferiority

Question 49

Erikson believes that the major developmental task facing a child in the second stage of development is

A)developing trust.
B)mastering psychomotor skills.
C)developing a sense of autonomy.
D)learning a sense of industry.

Question 50

According to Erikson, between one and three years of age, the primary developmental crisis is autonomy versus

A)shame and doubt.
B)mistrust.
C)guilt.
D)feelings of inferiority.

Question 51

When teenagers question "who they are" and "what they will become," they are experiencing which conflict?

A)autonomy vs.shame and doubt
B)initiative vs.guilt
C)industry vs.inferiority
D)identity vs.role confusion

Question 52

For the first time, teachers, peers, and adults outside the home become important in shaping attitudes toward oneself in Erikson's stage of

A)trust vs.mistrust.
B)initiative vs.guilt.
C)industry vs.inferiority.
D)integrity vs.despair.

Question 53

A child who is just starting school and trying to develop learning skills is in Erikson's stage called

A)initiative vs.guilt.
B)industry vs.inferiority.
C)generativity vs.stagnation.
D)integrity vs.despair.

Question 54

A toddler who is learning to use the toilet and sometimes feels bad when he or she has "accidents" is in which of Erikson's stages?

A)identity versus role confusion
B)initiative versus guilt
C)autonomy versus shame and doubt
D)industry versus inferiority

Question 55

Pretend play is an important component of which of Erikson's psychosocial dilemmas?

A)trust vs.mistrust
B)autonomy vs.shame and doubt
C)initiative vs.guilt
D)industry vs.inferiority

Question 56

According to Erikson, a child entering adolescence can expect the major developmental task to center around the need to

A)develop trust in others.
B)achieve intimacy with another.
C)acquire personal autonomy.
D)develop a unified sense of self.

Question 57

Megan is four years old.Her parents tend to restrict her play by choosing activities for her.They also have told her that she asks too many questions.According to Erikson, Megan is likely to develop

A)role confusion.
B)guilt.
C)mistrust.
D)inferiority.

Question 58

In Erikson's second stage of development, toddlers

A)develop autonomy by trying to do things for themselves.
B)may learn to feel shameful about their actions if parents ridicule accidents like spilling and wetting.
C)may lack confidence in their abilities if parents overprotect them.
D)may experience all of these.

Question 59

A failure to develop a consistent identity results in

A)isolation.
B)inferiority.
C)role confusion.
D)stagnation.

Question 60

Initiative is fostered by

A)giving a child the freedom to play, to use imagination, and to choose activities.
B)a child's experience with toilet training.
C)acquiring a stable and consistent identity.
D)learning a sense of industry.

Question 61

Emily is a middle-aged woman who lives alone.Her income is secure and her life is comfortable.Still, she seems unhappy and without direction, possibly because she lacks

A)autonomy.
B)disengagement.
C)generativity.
D)a sense of identity.

Question 62

"I am in my late 40s.If I do not reach out to others, especially young people, Erikson says that I will experience _____."

A)shame
B)isolation
C)stagnation
D)guilt

Question 63

Conflicts involving intimacy, generativity, and integrity are characteristic of

A)infancy.
B)childhood.
C)adolescence.
D)adulthood.

Question 64

By intimacy, Erikson means the ability to

A)care about others and to share experiences with them.
B)have satisfying sexual relationships with another person.
C)understand one's self and others.
D)guide others and the world through productive work.

Question 65

Talia is 17 years old and is dealing with her conflicting experiences as a student, friend, athlete, worker, daughter, and girlfriend.In the next few years, Talia must integrate these experiences into a unified sense of self.According to Erikson, Talia is experiencing which psychosocial dilemma?

A)autonomy vs.shame and doubt
B)initiative vs.guilt
C)industry vs.inferiority
D)identity vs.role confusion

Question 66

According to Erikson, failure to resolve the tasks of middle adulthood leads to a sense of _____ involving a concern for one's own needs and comforts only.

A)apathy
B)self-absorption
C)despair
D)stagnation

Question 67

Regarding the psychosocial dilemma of intimacy versus isolation, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)About 75% of college-age men and women rank a good marriage and family life as their primary adult goal.
B)Marriage or sexual involvement is one guarantee that intimacy will prevail.
C)Failure to establish intimacy with others leads to a deep sense of isolation.
D)Failure to establish intimacy often sets the stage for later difficulties.

Question 68

Edward and Jane are a young married couple who not only care deeply for each other but also consider each other their best friend.Erikson would say that Edward and Jane are exhibiting

A)generativity.
B)intimacy.
C)integrity.
D)dependency.

Question 69

Generativity refers to

A)concern for the welfare of others and society as a whole.
B)the desire to have children and thereby ensure survival of the species.
C)the ability to establish adequate social and financial security.
D)active acceptance of aging and the social changes it brings.

Question 70

Marshall has retired from his job and finds life very unsatisfying.As he reflects over his life, he sees himself as a failure and his life as a series of missed opportunities.Erikson would say that Marshall is experiencing

A)shame and doubt.
B)guilt.
C)stagnation.
D)despair.

Question 71

Generativity can be expressed

A)through productive or creative work.
B)by guiding one's own children or helping other children.
C)as a concern for the welfare of others and society as a whole.
D)through all of these.

Question 72

College students in their 20s who are developing life-long friendships are in which psychosocial stage?

A)industry vs.inferiority
B)generativity vs.stagnation
C)integrity vs.despair
D)intimacy vs.isolation

Question 73

Ellis, who is in his 70s, enjoys telling his grandchildren about his life experiences.Although he says that there are a few things in his life he regrets, Ellis says overall, "I had a nice ride through life, and you can't ask for anything more than that." According to Erikson, Ellis is exhibiting a great deal of

A)autonomy.
B)industry.
C)generativity.
D)integrity.

Question 74

According to Erikson, individuals in their 70s and 80s are facing a time of reflection and the psychosocial conflict of

A)generativity vs.stagnation.
B)integrity vs.despair.
C)identity vs.role confusion.
D)autonomy vs.shame and doubt.

Question 75

According to Erikson, the major task during young adulthood is successful achievement of

A)a unified sense of self.
B)meaningful relationships with others.
C)personal and civic responsibility.
D)a stable identity and personality structure.

Question 76

Sidney has been a teacher for 23 years.He has been feeling trapped in "this life" for the last five years and finds his teaching efforts unappreciated and poorly compensated.So, in the middle of the semester, he quits his job, divorces his wife, and moves to a large city to start over in a sales job.Erikson would say that Sidney is experiencing

A)stagnation.
B)isolation.
C)despair.
D)role confusion.

Question 77

Elaine and Jeffery have been married for five years.Elaine spends her time taking care of their two-year-old son, while Jeffery spends his time watching television or going out "with the guys." She and Jeffery do not share any common interests, and they seldom talk to each other except about their son.Erikson would say that Elaine is experiencing

A)mistrust.
B)isolation.
C)inferiority.
D)despair.

Question 78

People who have lived richly and responsibly develop a sense of _____, which allows them to face aging and death with dignity.

A)generativity
B)integrity
C)identity
D)autonomy

Question 79

If a person fails to develop a sense of integrity and self-respect in later adulthood, feelings of _____ tend to result, and aging and death then become sources of fear.

A)despair
B)isolation
C)mistrust
D)stagnation

Question 80

Paula has been a teacher for 20 years, and she is still trying to find new, creative ways to help her students learn.Erikson would say that Paula is exhibiting

A)initiative.
B)integrity.
C)generativity.
D)industry.