Deck 17: Extension C: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT helpful in reducing prejudice?

A)putting a premium on competition and individual effort
B)cooperating with others
C)looking at commonalities
D)being willing to get acquainted with people from other ethnic groups

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Regarding social competition, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)In a 1991 survey, every major ethnic group in the United States rated itself as better than any other group.
B)A person with high self-esteem tends to treat others as inferior in order to feel good about himself or herself.
C)Each ethnic group has strengths that members of other groups could benefit from emulating.
D)Social competition refers to the fact that some individuals seek to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with a group.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is recommended as the BEST way of increasing cultural awareness?

A)Study ethnic diversity through movies and television.
B)Get to know a person from a different culture.
C)Read literature written by persons from other cultures.
D)Explore different cultures through one's own fantasies.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Race is

A)a genetic absolute.
B)a biological reality.
C)a social construction.
D)all of these.

Question 5

Students in an ethnically diverse high school in Houston, Texas, promoted tolerance by

A)conducting sensitivity training sessions at school and in the community.
B)putting up posters around the community promoting tolerance and cultural awareness.
C)writing stories for a newsletter about situations in which cooperation lead to better understanding.
D)holding a multicultural fair in which members of the community could become more aware of the richness of the various cultures.

Question 6

Which social psychology topic is most related to the 1964 murder case of Kitty Genovese?

A)racism
B)obedience
C)groupthink
D)bystander apathy

Question 7

If the Earth's population could be condensed to just 100 people, with all of the current human ratios maintained, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A)Half the people in the village would suffer from malnutrition.
B)Half of the entire village's wealth would be in the hands of only ten people.
C)Sixty-six would be non-Christian and 33 Christian.
D)There would be 40 Asians, 20 European, 20 African, and 20 people from the Western Hemisphere.

Question 8

In order for a person to intervene, he or she must

A)interpret the situation and know what to do.
B)define the situation as an emergency and feel the weight of responsibility to intervene.
C)feel physically safe and have additional help or back-up.
D)have an altruistic personality and be very similar to the victim.

Question 9

The BEST way to develop cultural awareness is to

A)read several books on different cultures.
B)visit different cultural exhibits, museums, plays, and restaurants.
C)become acquainted with a person whose cultural background is different from yours.
D)strive to develop more just-world beliefs.

Question 10

Regarding bystander intervention, social psychologists would be MOST likely to study the

A)personality traits of the person that intervenes during an emergency.
B)childrearing practices that lead to a child growing up to be a "good Samaritan."
C)person's interpretation of the event and how situations influence whether he or she intervenes.
D)characteristics of the victim that make people more likely to intervene.

Question 11

When looking at the concept of "race," it is important to remember that

A)it is impossible to biologically determine a given person's race.
B)the best available evidence suggests that all people descended from the same ancient ancestors in Africa.
C)among early human populations, darker skin was a protective adaptation to sun exposure near the equator.
D)all of these statements are true.

Question 12

When looking at the concept of "race," it is important to remember that

A)it is impossible to biologically determine a given person's race.
B)from the standpoint of modern genetics, race does not have any meaning.
C)race is a social construction.
D)all of these statements are true.

Question 13

The African American boycott of Korean grocers in New York City as well as the African American woman conflict with her Orthodox Jewish neighbors that were described in this chapter could have been prevented through

A)a knowledge of different cultural values and practices.
B)controlled social competition.
C)striving to develop more just-world beliefs.
D)all of these.

Question 14

People often do not intervene in an emergency because

A)of the physical danger to the person that intervenes.
B)emergencies arise so rarely and so quickly that most people are unprepared.
C)one may misinterpret the situation and make a "fool" of one's self by intervening.
D)of any of these reasons.

Question 15

In one of the experiments conducted by Latané and Darley, smoke came into the room where subjects were filling out a questionnaire.A subject was more likely to define this smoke as a possible danger and report it to the secretary in the next room when the student was

A)waiting by him or herself.
B)waiting with two or three other subjects in the room.
C)waiting with at least ten other subjects in the room.
D)female.

Question 16

Because of _____, groups tend to view themselves as better than their rivals.

A)self-actualization
B)sociopathy
C)social competition
D)groupthink

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT helpful in reducing prejudice?

A)setting a good example by modeling tolerance
B)promoting social competition among different groups of people
C)remembering that differences do not add up to inferiority
D)looking at race as a social label rather than a biological reality

Question 18

The fact that Americans enjoy Mexican, Chinese, and Thai food indicates that

A)Americans have a higher obesity rate than other countries.
B)Americans are more interested in other cultures than are the citizens of other countries.
C)finding commonalities increases tolerance.
D)multicultural populations enrich a community.

Question 19

_____ conducted a series of experiments related to bystander intervention.

A)Dollard and Miller
B)Latané and Darley
C)Coon and Mitterer
D)Buss and Schachter

Question 20

In the experiment when subjects hear a person over an intercom having a seizure, 85 percent of them took off their headphones and sought aid for the person

A)when the subject thought he or she was the only one that hear the person having a seizure.
B)only after the person on the intercom had stopped groaning and had gone silent.
C)when the subject thought he or she was part of a small group of people listening to the person having a seizure.
D)when the subject thought he or she was part of a large group of people listening to the person having a seizure.

Question 21

Alcohol causes relaxation and raises one's threshold to engage in aggression.

Question 22

Physical proximity increases attraction because it increases frequency of contact.

Question 23

In the intercom experiment in which the subjects heard a person having a seizure, those that did not intervene and report the incident

A)were found to be apathetic to the plight of the person having the seizure.
B)experienced some distress but less than the persons who did intervene.
C)experienced more distress than the persons who did intervene.
D)were more likely to be women than men.

Question 24

Prosocial behavior is any behavior that has a positive impact on other people, while antisocial behavior is any behavior that has a negative impact on other people.

Question 25

According to evolutionary psychologists, the differences between male and female mating patterns are primarily due to different reproductive challenges.

Question 26

Overdisclosure often results in growing trust and intimacy and a tendency to respond in the same way.

Question 27

Research suggests that our attachment patterns are similar to those seen in early child development: secure, avoidant, and ambivalent.

Question 28

Studies of prosocial behavior show that the more potential helpers present in an emergency, the more likely people are to get involved.

Question 29

Mahzarin Banaji, a psychologist at Harvard University using an MRI found a strong correlation between a person response to the Implicit Association Test and the immediate activation of which part of the brain to a subliminal face?

A)amygdala
B)thalamus
C)occipital cortex
D)corpus callosum

Question 30

When intervening means "reporting an incident" _____ likely to respond, while if the intervention requires direct action, _____ likely to respond.

A)women are more; men are more
B)women are more likely; men and women are equally
C)men and women are equally; men are more
D)men and women are equally; men and women are equally

Question 31

Juan got a flat tire a few weeks ago and was helped by a friendly motorist.The next week, Juan saw a person with engine trouble stopped on the side.Juan will probably be more likely to stop and give aid than he would have before being helped himself.

Question 32

On the Implicit Association Test, a bias against _____ was shown to be the most prominent bias among all the subjects taking the test.

A)black males
B)unattractive white females
C)young people
D)older people

Question 33

Bystander intervention is increased by which of the following factors?

A)more people being present at the emergency situation
B)"helping behavior" being modeled by other people
C)being female
D)all of these

Question 34

When there is no objective standard, we often turn to and observe others in an effort to evaluate our actions, a process known as social exchange.

Question 35

According to Sternberg, a relationship in which commitment is based only on passion with the two partners not sharing any emotional connectedness is called empty love.

Question 36

In Schachter's experiment, most women waiting to receive a shock preferred to wait with others who were about to be shocked.

Question 37

Physically attractive people are generally rated by other people as being more intelligent, warm, witty, and likeable, a phenomenon known as the halo effect.

Question 38

Defining an event as an "emergency" is a necessary prerequisite for involving oneself in a helping process.

Question 39

The marriage of two people who are similar to one another in age, race, values, religion, etc.is called homogamy.

Question 40

Mahzarin Banaji, a psychologist at Harvard University, has found that white Americans state that they are neutral regarding race, while African Americans report strong favorable impressions about their own group.On the Implicit Associations Test, the white Americans showed _____, while the African Americans showed _____.

A)pro-white bias; a pro-white bias
B)pro-white bias; a pro-African American bias
C)neutral stance; a pro-African American bias
D)pro-white bias; a split with half showing a pro-white bias and half showing a pro-African American bias.

Question 41

The fact that physically attractive people also tend to be rated more highly on traits, such as intelligence and honesty is an example of the ____________________ effect.

Question 42

Stereotypes often include a mixture of positive and negative qualities.

Question 43

Studies have shown that boys and girls who watch a lot of violence on TV are much more likely to be aggressive as adults.

Question 44

Although prejudice was reduced by jigsaw classrooms, it did not improve the children's grades, self-esteem, or attitudes toward school.

Question 45

The need for ____________________ is based on the basic human desires for approval, support, friendship, and information as well as a desire to alleviate fear and anxiety.

Question 46

Authoritarian personalities think they are superior to everyone who is different, not just other ethnic groups.

Question 47

In Jane Elliot's elementary school classroom, extremely prejudiced behavior was generated on the basis of eye color and status inequalities.

Question 48

When looking at the concept of "race," it is impossible to biologically determine a given person's race.

Question 49

Cues for aggression can be external cues, such as gestures, or internal cues, such as angry thoughts.

Question 50

Intergroup conflict between two groups of boys at a summer camp was most efficiently reduced by emergencies that required the cooperation of both groups.

Question 51

Rebecca feels that her history professor is making the class more difficult than it needs to be, so she calls a classmate to get his opinion.Rebecca has engaged in ____________________.

Question 52

Non-prejudiced people may continue to respond emotionally to members of other ethnic groups.

Question 53

The concept of social competition refers to the fact that some individuals seek to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with a group.

Question 54

A good way to reduce social stereotyping is to adopt just-world beliefs.

Question 55

The social readjustment rating scale is an assessment tool used to determine if one shows a bias toward others regarding race, age, gender, religion, disability, sexual orientation, and weight by measuring how long it takes a person to respond and categorize words.(The example presented in your textbook was measuring one's bias toward women working outside the home.)

Question 56

Watching sporting events, such as a boxing match, drains off aggressive urges.

Question 57

Scapegoating involves projection and reaction formation.

Question 58

If you show a negative attitude toward members of another group only because your friends or co-workers expect you to think about his group as they do, you are exhibiting symbolic prejudice.

Question 59

Any behavior that has a negative impact on other people is referred to as ____________________ behavior.

Question 60

The national shorthand of "red and blue states" for dividing Americans into opposing camps is an oversimplification that ignores the fact that a person can be conservative on some issues and liberal on others.

Question 61

Assuming that "all Southerners are uneducated" is an example of a social ____________________.

Question 62

A series of bystander intervention experiments were conducted by ____________________ and ____________________.
or

Question 63

____________________ refers to any action carried out with the intention of harming another person.

Question 64

According to David Buss's theory, mating preferences were developed in response to differing ____________________ challenges of men and women.

Question 65

The murder of Kitty Genovese has been cited as a prime example of ____________________.

Question 66

In social psychology, the process of revealing private thoughts, feelings, and one's personal history to others is known as ____________________.
or

Question 67

The ____________________ theory emphasizes that we learn to be aggressive by observing aggressive models.
or

Question 68

The ____________________ hypothesis states that people are more likely to show aggression against others when their goals are blocked.
or

Question 69

The fact that we tend to remain in relationships only as long as the rewards outweigh the effort and irritation they cause is explained by the ____________________ theory.

Question 70

According to Sternberg, the form of love that is more common among couples who have been together a long time and includes only the elements of intimacy and commitment is ____________________ love.

Question 71

When members of another racial or ethnic group represent a threat to an individual's security or comfort, resultant prejudice is termed ____________________ prejudice.

Question 72

Prejudice based on displaced aggression represents a form of ____________________.

Question 73

____________________ refers to the tendency we have to marry someone who is similar to us in almost every way.

Question 74

Prejudice that is expressed in a disguised fashion is called ____________________ prejudice.

Question 75

One consequence of seeing aggression portrayed on TV is a loss of emotional response, called ____________________.

Question 76

A(n) ____________________ refers to the observation that we are most likely to help someone else when we are able to "feel that person's pain."
or

Question 77

Treating members of various social groups differently in circumstances where their rights or treatment should be identical is known as ____________________.

Question 78

People who think their ethnic, national, or religious group is superior to others are described as being ____________________.

Question 79

People with a(n) ____________________ attachment style find it relatively easy to get close to others; and they are comfortable depending on others and having others depend on them.

Question 80

With regard to romantic love, the nearly exclusive attention lovers give to one another is called ____________________.