Deck 17: Extension B: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Question 1

Portrayal of aggression on television would be of particular theoretical concern to the

A)psychoanalytic theorists.
B)frustration-aggression theorists.
C)ethnologists.
D)social learning theorists.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Research by Donnerstein and Linz suggests that _____ are most responsible for people's attitudes about women and rape.

A)violent images
B)sexual images
C)the male tendency to be more narcissistic
D)the female tendency to be more dependent

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Regarding the aggressiveness of the American culture, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Approximately 40 percent of the U.S.population owns firearms.
B)During 2005, a violent crime occurred every 23 seconds in the United States.
C)Nationally, 70 percent agree with the statement that "When a boy is growing up, it is very important for him to have a few fist fights."
D)All of these statements are true.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Regarding social learning theory and aggression, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)This theory uses learning principles, cognitive processes, modeling, and socialization to explain why aggression occurs.
B)According to social learning theory, instincts do not play a role in the development of aggression.
C)This theory predicts that victims of violence during childhood are likely to become violent themselves.
D)According to this theory, cultural factors are not likely to have an impact on aggressive behavior.

Question 5

The importance of the weapons effect is demonstrated by the fact the nearly 80 percent of the victims in homes where guns are kept are killed by

A)family members or acquaintances.
B)strangers.
C)burglars and serial killers.
D)their own hands (suicides).

Question 6

Regarding the relationship between pornography and aggression against women, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Viewing pornography that is only erotic or sexual in content without aggressive images does not appear to increase violence against women.
B)Aggressive pornography has been shown to increase aggression against female in men who are prone to sexual violence.
C)Exposure to mass media stimuli that have violent and sexual content increases the audience's aggressive sexual fantasies, beliefs in rape myths, and aggressive behavior.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 7

_____ is demonstrated by the fact that murders are almost three times more likely to occur in homes where guns are kept with 80 percent of the victims being killed by a family member.

A)The weapons effect
B)A biological predisposition to aggress
C)Learned helplessness
D)Stereotyped responding

Question 8

The _____ theory emphasized that we learn to be aggressive by observing aggression in others.

A)ethological
B)classical conditioning
C)frustration-aggression
D)social learning

Question 9

_____ theorists predict that people growing up in nonaggressive cultures will be nonaggressive, while those raised in cultures with aggressive heroes and other aggressive models will develop aggressive responses.

A)Ethological
B)Social learning
C)Humanistic
D)Psychoanalytical

Question 10

_____ involves media depictions of sexual violence or of forced participation in sexual activity.

A)Fantasy pornography
B)Aggressive pornography
C)Erotic stimuli
D)All pornography

Question 11

The _____ theory combines learning principles with cognitive processes, socialization, and modeling to explain behaviors, such as aggression.

A)ethological learning
B)dissonance conditioning
C)social learning
D)humanistic

Question 12

Regarding the violent behavior among delinquent boys, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)The capacity for violent behavior among delinquent boys develops slowly as they move from minor aggression to increasingly brutal acts.
B)Overall aggression among delinquents increases dramatically in early adolescence.
C)Aggression among male delinquents as they gain physical strength and more access to weapons.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 13

The main finding of studies on aggressive-pornographic stimuli is that these images

A)increase aggression against females by men who are prone to sexual violence.
B)increase aggression against females by men.
C)decrease aggression against females because they provide a release of tension through fantasy.
D)do not increase or decrease aggression against females.

Question 14

A mother who is searching for an explanation for the increased aggression in her six-year-old child would be advised by social learning theorists that such aggression is

A)a part of human nature and therefore inevitable.
B)a well-known developmental stage according to psychosocial theory.
C)probably an imitation of a model to which her child has been exposed.
D)part of a general syndrome of pathological behavior that may have a biological cause.

Question 15

Research by Donnerstein and others suggests that the circumstances most likely to increase violent sexual acts against women (such as rape) involve

A)newspaper publicity given to rapists.
B)direct exposure to persons who have committed such acts.
C)media images of violence.
D)pornographic stimuli that generate sexual fantasies.

Question 16

The belief that we learn to be aggressive by observing aggression in others is held by

A)the ethological learning theorists.
B)the dissonance conditioning theorists.
C)the social learning theorists.
D)no serious theorists.

Question 17

The social learning theory of aggression explains that

A)watching aggressive models reduces tension and lowers aggressiveness.
B)people learn to be aggressive by watching aggressive models.
C)the innate patterns of behavior are inhibited by watching aggressive models.
D)watching aggressive models leads to frustrated desires, which in turn, lead to aggressive acts.

Question 18

Erotic stimuli have been found to have adverse effects on viewers when _____ are also present.

A)homosexual relationships
B)aggressive images
C)unusual sex acts
D)fantasy themes

Question 19

People who were the victims of violence during childhood are likely to become violent themselves.This is a testament to which theory of aggression?

A)ethological
B)social learning
C)humanistic
D)psychoanalytical

Question 20

Exposure to mass media images that have violent and sexual content increases all of the following EXCEPT

A)aggressive sexual fantasies.
B)aggressive behavior.
C)bizarre sexual acts.
D)beliefs in rape myths.

Question 21

_____ is the major dimension of rape and sexual aggression.

A)Violence
B)Oversexualization of the culture
C)Men's belief in male dominance
D)The paranoid personality of the rapist

Question 22

Which of the following misconceptions is portrayed by TV?

A)Over one half of all villains have accents.
B)Only 28 percent of the population is male.
C)Minorities are generally executives or professionals.
D)Victims tend to be old men or non-minority males.

Question 23

According to social learning theorists, which of the following are effects of TV violence?

A)learning new aggressive acts
B)inhibiting aggressive impulses
C)reducing aggressive drives
D)sensitizing viewers to violence

Question 24

Desensitization to violence means that

A)imitation of this undesirable violent behavior will occur.
B)the removal of an inhibition to be violent has occurred.
C)there was a reduction of emotional sensitivity to violence.
D)there was an increase in emotional sympathy.

Question 25

Regarding media violence, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Young children spend about 35 hours a week in front of TV or computer screens.
B)By the end of elementary school, children will have seen about 8,000 murders and 100,000 other violent acts depicted on TV.
C)Eighty percent of popular video games contain violent content.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 26

Regarding televised violence, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)TV violence is sanitized.
B)TV violence is portrayed as acceptable.
C)TV portrays violence as leading to success.
D)TV violence is realistic.

Question 27

Jeremy is watching a TV program that portrays violence as leading to success and popularity.This message may

A)increase Jeremy's emotional sensitivity to violent acts.
B)lower Jeremy's inhibitions against acting out hostile feelings.
C)decrease aggressive urges by releasing pent-up frustrations.
D)do all of these.

Question 28

_____ demonstrated in his studies on imitation that children may learn new aggressive actions by watching violent or aggressive behavior, or they may learn that violence is "okay."

A)Elliot Aronson
B)Albert Bandura
C)David Buss
D)Stanley Schachter

Question 29

Research has shown that violent TV programs tend to

A)increase one's emotional sensitivity to violent acts.
B)lead to disinhibition.
C)decrease aggressive urges.
D)do all of these.

Question 30

Normally, a violent behavior is restrained.If a person shows this violent behavior, the text suggests it may be a result of

A)desensitization.
B)disinhibition.
C)inhibition.
D)sensitization.

Question 31

Rapists are sexually aroused by

A)sexual violence.
B)nonsexual violence.
C)by both sexual and nonsexual violence.
D)by neither of these stimuli.

Question 32

Regarding the effects of TV violence, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)TV violence raises inhibitions against acting out our hostile feelings.
B)TV can cause desensitization to violence.
C)Children can learn new aggressive actions by watching TV violence.
D)Children can learn that violence is acceptable.

Question 33

Regarding the myth that all women find a little force pleasurable, research suggests that _____ reinforce this myth.

A)X-rated films
B)X-rated books and magazines
C)mainstream movies, TV, and music videos
D)all of these

Question 34

Misconceptions portrayed by TV include which of the following?

A)Minorities are generally portrayed service workers, criminals, victims, or students.
B)One half of all women are portrayed as teenagers or in their early 20s with more than one third unemployed or serving as emotional support for men or as a sex object.
C)Most victims are single women, young boys, or people of color.
D)All of these are misconceptions portrayed by TV.

Question 35

Disinhibition to violence means

A)an individual is imitating an undesirable violent behavior.
B)the acting out of an undesirable violent behavior that would normally be restrained.
C)a reduction of emotional sensitivity to violence.
D)that a state of learned helplessness is occurring.

Question 36

People's attitudes about women and rape primarily come from

A)sexual images in X-rated books.
B)sexual images in X-rated movies.
C)violent images in mainstream movies, television, music videos, and magazines.
D)sexual images in mainstream movies, television, music videos, and magazines.

Question 37

Albert Bandura demonstrated in his studies that

A)children learn new aggressive actions by watching violent or aggressive behavior or learn that violence is "okay."
B)aversive stimuli leads to heightened arousal making it much more likely that aggression will occur.
C)aggression is biologically rooted behavior found in all animal species.
D)frustration leads to aggression.

Question 38

If we based our ideas about the real world on the images seen on TV, we would believe

A)women make up only 28 percent of the population
B)a vast majority of minorities hold high political offices and are CEOs of major companies.
C)the victims of crime are usually elderly people.
D)women hold more responsible positions in business than they actually do.

Question 39

One consequence of seeing aggression portrayed on TV or video games is a loss of emotional response to this violence, which is called

A)disinhibition.
B)disassociation.
C)deconditioning.
D)desensitization.

Question 40

Studies have shown that

A)boys and girls who watch a lot of violence on TV are much more likely to be aggressive as adults.
B)violent song lyrics increase aggressive tendencies.
C)heroes on TV that children imitate are just as violent as the villains, and the heroes get praised for their violence.
D)all of these are true.

Question 41

Studies have shown

A)that viewers who experience violent media have more aggressive thoughts.
B)that violent thoughts often precede violent actions.
C)that reducing exposure to violent media is one way to lower aggression.
D)all of these to be true.

Question 42

A study by Jerome and Dorothy Singer found that preschoolers who watch Barney and Friends showed

A)improved cognitive skills, such as knowing colors, numbers, and shapes.
B)improved vocabulary and facts about nature and health.
C)better manners, such as being polite and saying "please" and "thank you."
D)all of these improvements.

Question 43

Which of the following suggestions would be helpful in lowering children's aggression due to TV violence?

A)Show by your own disapproval that violent TV heroes are not ones to emulate.
B)Discuss the social conflicts and violent solutions shown on television.
C)Limit total TV viewing time and offer games and activities that stimulate the child's imagination and creativity.
D)All of these can help lower the modeling of aggression.

Question 44

The text suggests parents can minimize the negative impact of TV on children by all of the following EXCEPT

A)turning off programs that you feel are too violent and offering an alternative game.
B)watching TV with your child and pointing out distortions and fantasy.
C)allowing the child to learn responsibility by selecting shows he or she likes.
D)discussing social conflict and violent solutions shown on TV.

Question 45

Regarding parents as media guides, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Children typically model parents' behavior, including their media viewing habits.
B)Children are guided by their parents' reactions to the media, such as a parent's disapproval of an aggressive model.
C)Children who identify with media characters are more likely to be influenced by media aggression.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 46

Over 200 studies have shown that prosocial behavior on TV

A)has no effect on the prosocial behavior of the viewers.
B)increases the prosocial behavior of the viewers.
C)cannot hold the attention of children long enough to teach prosocial behaviors.
D)cannot be used to promote helping, charity, or brotherhood, only direct reinforcement can.

Question 47

Which of the following suggestions would NOT be helpful in lowering children's aggression due to TV violence?

A)Create a safe, warm environment at home and school and model positive ways of getting along in the world.
B)Show your approval of the heroes violent acts, but not the villain's.
C)Reply to distortions and stereotypes as they appear on screen.
D)Encourage the child to propose more mature and positive responses to situations.

Question 48

Social learning theory implies that watching a violent show or boxing match on TV

A)reduces aggressive urges.
B)encourages aggression.
C)releases tensions.
D)allows us to displace our aggression.

Question 49

If a father wanted to limit the effect of TV on his children, he should

A)discuss social conflicts and the violence used on TV with his children and help them come up with more mature solutions.
B)closely monitor what his children watch.
C)actively seek programs that model positive behavior.
D)do all of these

Question 50

Jared conducts an experiment in which children watch a Lassie episode that emphasizes helping.Based on the results of similar experiments, the results of Jared's experiment will most likely demonstrate that

A)TV can be used to promote helping and cooperation.
B)these children will help a puppy in distress only if it means not skipping a chance to win a prize.
C)watching TV has a minimal transfer to real life situations.
D)brotherhood and charity cannot be taught through the medium of television.

Question 51

The _____ of aggression is illustrated by the fact that children who are physically abused at home and those who suffer severe physical punishment are more likely to be involved in fighting, aggressive play, and antisocial behavior at school.

A)psychoanalytical theory
B)instinctual theory
C)social learning theory
D)humanistic theory.

Question 52

According to Eron's research, one of the best predictors of how aggressive a young man would be at age 19 was

A)the violence of the television programs he preferred when he was eight years old.
B)his temperamental predisposition to violence.
C)his socioeconomic level and number of children in the family.
D)whether he was severely punished for engaging in aggressive behavior as a child..

Question 53

Prosocial behavior on TV _____ the prosocial behavior of its viewers.

A)decreases
B)has no effect on
C)increases
D)disinhibits

Question 54

Concerning Eron's research, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Watching sporting events, such as a boxing match, drains off aggressive urges.
B)Viewers who watch violent videotapes have fewer aggressive thoughts.
C)Those who watch aggressive TV are more likely to aggress when faced with frustrating situations or cues.
D)All of these are true.

Question 55

Shows, such as Mr.Roger's Neighborhood, Sesame Street and Barney and Friends demonstrate TV's ability to

A)teach prosocial behavior.
B)desensitize children.
C)disinhibit antisocial behavior.
D)reduce tension and frustration.

Question 56

Clive and his associates showed a bloody fight film to a group of boys, they found that

A)boys who watched little or no TV showed less emotion to the violent film.
B)boys who were heavy TV viewers showed less emotion to the violent film.
C)boys who were heavy TV viewers showed more emotion to the violent film.
D)both groups of boys showed little or no emotion to the violent film.

Question 57

Responding calmly to upsetting situations by seeing them as "problems to be solved" is the key to

A)altruistic cueing.
B)prosocial modeling.
C)status equality.
D)anger control.

Question 58

Robinson's study found that elementary school children became less aggressive when

A)they decreased the amount of time they spent watching TV and playing video games.
B)their parents received assertive parenting training.
C)their school required all the students to take character-building classes at school.
D)children predisposed to aggression underwent anger control treatment.

Question 59

A mother who wants to buffer the effect of television on her children should

A)let children show maturity by selecting their own TV programs.
B)limit total viewing time for her children and schedule what is viewed.
C)do not draw attention to violent acts on television by commenting on them.
D)show by severe punishment that violent TV heroes are not appropriate.

Question 60

Because televised violence is portrayed in an unrealistic manner and because he is watching this televised violence in the relaxed and familiar setting of his home, Anton is likely to experience

A)desensitization to violence.
B)inhibition to violence.
C)catharsis of pent-up aggressive urges.
D)all of these.

Question 61

On the test presented in this chapter, even people who claim they are not prejudiced against women working outside the home will nevertheless be slower and less accurate in classifying words into the categories of Male or Family as opposed to Female or Career.This indicates that we

A)can harbor implicit prejudices.
B)develop personal prejudices in childhood.
C)unlearn prejudices.
D)have an evolutionary predisposition to view women in a nurturing role.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT a step used in anger control?

A)Trust your intuition regarding the other person's motives.
B)Make a list of possible solutions.
C)Rank the likely success of each solution.
D)Define the problem as precisely as possible.

Question 63

Learning to use the steps in anger control has been shown to

A)decrease destructive outbursts.
B)lessen tendencies toward child abuse.
C)lessen tendencies toward family violence.
D)do all of these.

Question 64

Which is a step in anger control?

A)Trust your intuition regarding the other person's motives.
B)Make a list of possible solutions.
C)Define the problem as broadly as possible, so your options are not limited.
D)Make careful note of the other person's body language.

Question 65

A test to determine if one was prejudiced toward women working outside the home was presented in this chapter.There are similar versions of this implicit association test available on the Internet for

A)race, age, and ethnicity.
B)religion and sexual orientation.
C)disability and weight.
D)all of these.

Question 66

Racial prejudice that is institutionalized and backed by social power structures is referred to as

A)racial ethnocentrism.
B)racism.
C)stereotyping.
D)fascism.

Question 67

Prejudice is _____, while discrimination is _____.

A)an attitude; a behavior
B)a behavior; a norm
C)social; personal
D)an opinion; a judgment

Question 68

A test to determine if one was prejudiced toward women working outside the home was presented in this chapter.There are similar version of this _____ constructed for race, age, religion, disability, sexual orientation, weight, and many others.

A)social readjustment rating scale
B)implicit association test
C)F-scale
D)type indicator

Question 69

All of the following are specific types of prejudice EXCEPT

A)heterosexism.
B)ageism.
C)sexism.
D)animism.

Question 70

_____ is an institutionalized tendency to discriminate on the basis of age.

A)Ageism
B)Gerontology
C)Geriatrics.
D)Elderism

Question 71

_____ is a negative emotional attitude tinged with fear, hatred, or suspicion that is held against members of a particular social group.

A)Prejudice
B)Stereotype
C)Discrimination
D)Displaced aggression

Question 72

The belief that heterosexuality is better or more natural than homosexuality is referred to as

A)homophobia.
B)heterosexism.
C)sexism.
D)transsexualism.

Question 73

Which is a step in anger control?

A)Assess how successful the solution was, and make adjustments, if necessary.to the solution.
B)Generate opinions by asking your adversary specific questions regarding the conflict.
C)Define the problem as broadly as possible so your options are not limited.
D)Smile and take one prolonged deep breath.

Question 74

On the implicit association test in this chapter, many people notice that it takes longer to classify words into the category of

A)male or career.
B)female or family.
C)male or family
D)in-laws or family

Question 75

Learning to use the steps in anger control has been shown to do all of the following EXCEPT

A)make a person too conforming and passive.
B)lessen tendencies toward child abuse.
C)lessen tendencies toward family violence.
D)decrease destructive outbursts.

Question 76

_____ is an institutionalized prejudice against members of either sex, based solely on their gender.

A)Genderism
B)Transsexualism
C)Sexism
D)Androgyny

Question 77

Martin is a college student, who believes that all professors over 50 will have boring lectures, give hard tests, and not care about whether the students learn or not.Therefore, he does not sign up for their courses and tells other students not to sign up for their courses as well.Martin is exhibiting

A)ageism.
B)gerontology
C)geriatrics.
D)elderism

Question 78

The _____ in this chapter involved classifying words into the categories of male or career, female or family, male or family, and female or career.

A)implicit association test
B)social readjustment rating scale
C)prejudice-discrimination test
D)F-scale

Question 79

Racism, sexism, and ageism are examples of

A)stereotyping.
B)prejudice.
C)discrimination.
D)none of these terms.

Question 80

According to anger control strategies, the key to remaining calm involves

A)learning progressive relaxation and controlled breathing.
B)distracting yourself by counting to ten before speaking.
C)utilizing mutual interdependence in your interactions with others.
D)defining upsetting situations as problems to be solved.