Deck 17: Extension A: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Question 1

When there is no objective standard, we often turn to and observe others in an effort to evaluate our actions, abilities, or opinions.This is known as

A)social exchange.
B)cognitive dissonance.
C)social comparison.
D)compliance.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In Schachter's experiment, most women waiting to receive a shock preferred to wait with others who

A)were about to be shocked.
B)did not share their fears.
C)were trained to calm them.
D)had been shocked the day before.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The need to associate with other people is based upon

A)the desire for approval.
B)the desire for emotional support.
C)the desire to alleviate fear and anxiety.
D)all of these.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Social comparisons are particularly important when

A)we evaluate the actions or abilities of others.
B)there are no objective standards for self-evaluation.
C)we are making plans for the future.
D)we need support for a course of action we have already decided to pursue.

Question 5

In the Gump and Kulik (1997) experiment described in the text, women expecting to be shocked chose to

A)wait with other future shock victims.
B)be alone before the beginning of the experiment.
C)wait with women who were waiting to see their advisors.
D)wait with women for whom the shocks would be less intense.

Question 6

Often, we turn to others to evaluate our actions, feelings, or abilities.This idea is the basis for

A)gain-loss theory.
B)social comparison theory.
C)social exchange theory.
D)the theory of social evaluation.

Question 7

According to the affiliation studies conducted by Schachter and Gump and Kulik, which saying is most accurate?

A)Misery loves company (especially miserable company).
B)Cry and you cry alone (in other words, no one likes to be around miserable people).
C)Laugh and the whole world laughs with you.
D)Out of sight, out of mind (or denial is a beautiful thing).

Question 8

The _____ is based on the basic human desires for approval, support, friendship, and information as well as a desire to alleviate fear and anxiety.

A)need to affiliate
B)need for achievement
C)need for power
D)need to conform

Question 9

In the "Zilstein" experiment conducted by Schachter, the women were frightened in order to study

A)obedience.
B)conformity.
C)affiliation.
D)social roles.

Question 10

Actions that are constructive, altruistic, or helpful to others are known as

A)prosocial behaviors.
B)empathic arousal.
C)multiculturalism.
D)mutual interdependence.

Question 11

Regarding the affiliation research conducted by Schachter and Gump and Kulik, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)The women participants preferred to wait with other women if they were to receive the "painful shocks."
B)The women participants were more willing to wait alone if the shock to be received was described as a "mild tickle."
C)The women participants preferred to wait with other women regardless of whether the shock would be painful or just a "mild tickle."
D)The results suggest that we prefer to be with people in circumstances similar to our own.

Question 12

The desire to associate with others describes our need to

A)affiliate.
B)dominate others.
C)be acknowledged.
D)conform.

Question 13

When a situation is threatening or unfamiliar, or when a person is in doubt, _____ act as guide for behavior.

A)one's own attributions
B)proxemics
C)social comparisons
D)social complexities

Question 14

Behaviors, such as aggression, prejudice, and discrimination would be considered _____ behaviors.

A)social exchange
B)antisocial
C)social comparison
D)emotionally apathetic

Question 15

Behaviors, such as love, attraction, friendship, and empathy would be regarded as _____ behaviors.

A)prosocial
B)companionate
C)mutual interdependent
D)egocentric

Question 16

_____ is most important when there are no objective standards by which to evaluate one's abilities, actions, or opinions.

A)Social exchange
B)Group cohesiveness
C)Cognitive dissonance
D)Social comparison

Question 17

Any behavior that has a positive impact on other people is called _____, while any behavior that has a negative impact on other people is called _____.

A)interpersonal attraction; rejection
B)affiliation; segregation
C)prosocial behavior; antisocial behavior
D)affiliation; discrimination

Question 18

Prosocial behaviors are actions that

A)are helpful to others.
B)may encourage aggression.
C)change the social behavior of others.
D)influence what happens in group situations.

Question 19

Which psychologist theorized that group membership fills needs for social comparison?

A)Miller
B)Zimbardo
C)Zilstein
D)Festinger

Question 20

Petra often volunteers her time at the local nursing home to help the director with various activities for the residents.She also helps in the nursery at her church.Petra is exhibiting

A)empathic arousal.
B)an empathic helping relationship.
C)prosocial behaviors.
D)mutual interdependence.

Question 21

Social comparison theory holds that we most often compare ourselves to people

A)of similar backgrounds, abilities, and circumstances.
B)slightly higher in status or abilities than ourselves.
C)lower in status or abilities than ourselves.
D)higher in status but lower in abilities than ourselves.

Question 22

Motivation for self-improvement often comes from _____ comparison.

A)unilateral
B)downward
C)upward
D)bilateral

Question 23

Phillip meets Lydia in class and is interested in getting to know more about her.In social psychology, Phillip's affinity for Lydia would be called

A)social exchange.
B)interpersonal attraction.
C)an actor-observer bias.
D)social compliance.

Question 24

Janie has a part-time job and her employer has just cut her hours.She finds comfort by thinking about one of her friends that just lost her job.This is an example of

A)discounting.
B)downward comparison.
C)upward comparison.
D)unilateral compensation.

Question 25

Meaningful evaluations are based on comparing oneself with people who are

A)experts in the area of comparison.
B)more advanced, but not experts, in the area of comparison.
C)of similar backgrounds and abilities.
D)strangers.

Question 26

Comparing yourself with a person who ranks lower than you on some dimension is referred to as

A)discounting.
B)downward comparison.
C)reverse comparison.
D)unilateral comparison.

Question 27

Felisia finishes her psychology test and goes outside and joins a group of students who are discussing the test.Felisia asks the group, "Didn't you think those last four questions were hard? Did the teacher go over that material?" The other students agree with Felisia that the questions were extremely difficult thus giving Felisia an idea of how her opinion "stacks" up to the opinions of others.This illustrates Felisia's use of

A)social exchange.
B)group cohesiveness.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)social comparison.

Question 28

Ava just received her psychology test back, and she made a 75 on it.She finds out that two of her friends made 95 and 99, respectively, on the same test.By doing this _____ comparison, Ava decides that she will increase her study time and use the course supplementary site to improve her test scores.

A)unilateral
B)upward
C)downward
D)bilateral

Question 29

Eddie goes to his 20^th class reunion.He wonders as he is about to enter the ballroom how he will measure up to his classmates.Are they more successful than he is? Are a lot of them divorced like he is? Eddie is illustrating

A)social comparison.
B)role exchange.
C)role conflict.
D)social networking.

Question 30

According to social comparison theory, a major motive for joining groups is

A)to reduce the actor-observer bias.
B)a desire for self-evaluation.
C)to utilize groupthink in solving problems common to all group members..
D)a desire to influence and control others.

Question 31

Regarding social comparisons, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)People make meaningful evaluations by comparing themselves to others who are similar to them.
B)You may reach different conclusions about your actions and motives, depending upon whom you compare yourself to.
C)Social comparisons influence which groups we join.
D)If you are good at a particular skill, then it does not matter who is in the comparison group.

Question 32

_____ is the basis for most voluntary social relationships.

A)Social comparison
B)Mutual exchange
C)Interpersonal attraction
D)Temperament

Question 33

Comparing yourself with a person who ranks higher than you on some dimension is referred to as _____ comparison.

A)unilateral
B)downward
C)upward
D)bilateral

Question 34

_____ theory holds that desires for self-evaluation, self-protection, and self-enhancement provide motives for associating with others; and in doing so, they influence which groups we join.

A)Social comparison
B)Social exchange
C)Social networking
D)Group cohesiveness

Question 35

Wendy has just joined the community college tennis team.She loses her first two matches, while her other team members won both of their matches.Wendy's _____ comparison to her teammates has motivated her to increase her practice time and concentrate on improving her baseline shots.

A)upward
B)unilateral
C)downward
D)bilateral

Question 36

According to social comparison theory,

A)there are numerous objective standards for comparing oneself to others.
B)people have a low need to compare their achievements, actions, and views to those of others.
C)group membership provides the primary means for comparing oneself to others.
D)comparison to others does not occur on a regular basis.

Question 37

The use of _____ reflects desires for self-protection when one feels threatened.

A)discounting
B)a downward comparison
C)a reverse comparison
D)unilateral compensation

Question 38

We look for friends and lovers who

A)are kind and understanding.
B)have attractive personalities.
C)like us in return.
D)exhibit all of these characteristics.

Question 39

Richard just received his psychology test back, and he made an 85 on it.He takes comfort when he finds out that a friend, who had studied long hours for this test, only made a 65.This example illustrates

A)discounting.
B)upward comparison.
C)downward comparison.
D)unilateral compensation.

Question 40

Ron feels that his philosophy professor is making the class more difficult than it needs to be.He calls a classmate to get her opinion.Ron has engaged in

A)social comparison.
B)role exchange.
C)role conflict.
D)social networking.

Question 41

Which statement about physical attractiveness is FALSE?

A)Beauty is a factor mainly in initial acquaintances.
B)Looks are less related to dating frequency for men than for women.
C)We expect beautiful people to be more honest and concerned about others.
D)Good-looking people are less lonely, less socially anxious, more socially-skilled, and more sexually experienced than unattractive people.

Question 42

Factors that influence interpersonal attraction include which of the following?

A)physical nearness
B)degree of knowledge or ability
C)physical attractiveness
D)all of these

Question 43

A selection committee was interviewing applicants for a new position in the media department of the college.The psychologist on the committee found it very interesting that a majority of the committee believed that the applicant who was a former beauty queen was the most intelligent, likeable, and socially skilled of all the applicants, although two of the other candidates had considerably more education and experience with college publications.The majority of the committee is exhibiting

A)the fundamental attributional error.
B)the halo effect.
C)the social exchange theory.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Question 44

For most people, _____ will be similar to them in background, age, interests, attitudes, and beliefs.

A)the casual acquaintances they talk to most often at work
B)their friends
C)the individuals they marry
D)all of these individuals

Question 45

Where romance and dating frequency are concerned, physical attractiveness has a significant influence on

A)a man's fate.
B)a woman's fate.
C)the fate of both males and females.
D)lasting relationships.

Question 46

The fact that there does seem to be a "boy-next-door" or "girl-next-door" effect in romantic attraction illustrates which factor of interpersonal attraction?

A)physical attractiveness
B)self-disclosure
C)physical proximity
D)social comparison

Question 47

Regarding the factors related to interpersonal attraction, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Most people assume that physically attractive people are also likeable, intelligent, and mentally healthy.
B)People are most attracted to individuals who are similar to them because it is reinforcing to see one's beliefs and attitudes shared by others.
C)People are most attracted to people who hold opposite interests, attitudes, and backgrounds from their own.
D)Most people like individuals who are competent but imperfect because they appear more human.

Question 48

In the College Quiz Bowl experiment, the people rated as the LEAST attractive the candidate that displayed

A)average competence and was not clumsy.
B)average competence and was clumsy.
C)superior competence and was not clumsy.
D)superior competence and was clumsy.

Question 49

The general rule for friendships is that the two people will be similar regarding

A)their age.
B)their sex.
C)their ethnicity.
D)all of these.

Question 50

Regarding similarity as a factor in interpersonal attraction, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)It is reinforcing to see our beliefs and attitudes shared by others.
B)The general rule for friendships is that friends will be similar in age, sex, and ethnicity.
C)In choosing a mate, we tend to marry someone who is like us in almost every way.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 51

Regarding the factors related to interpersonal attraction, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Physical beauty is generally unrelated to intelligence, talents, and abilities.
B)Most people tend to dislike individuals who are intelligent or talented out of a sense of jealousy.
C)People are most attracted to people who hold opposite interests, attitudes, and backgrounds from their own.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 52

One reason why actors costarring in movies together often become romantically involved is due to which factor of interpersonal attraction?

A)social exchange
B)self-disclosure
C)physical proximity
D)social comparison

Question 53

Physically attractive people are generally assumed to be more intelligent, warm, witty, and likeable.This is known as

A)social comparison.
B)the halo effect.
C)discrimination.
D)the fundamental attribution error.

Question 54

Regarding interpersonal attraction, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Deciding whether you would like to know another person can happen very quickly, sometimes within just minutes of meeting.
B)The closer people live to each other, the more likely they are to become friends.
C)Interpersonal attraction is the basis for most voluntary social relationships.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 55

Physical proximity increases attraction because it

A)increases frequency of contact.
B)enhances social comparisons.
C)establishes common norms.
D)reduces development of incompatible roles.

Question 56

Regarding physical attractiveness, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)Beauty is a factor mainly in the initial interest in getting to know others with more meaningful qualities gaining in importance later.
B)Beautiful people are generally rated as more appealing than average due to the halo effect.
C)In reality, physical attractiveness has almost no connection to intelligence, talents, or abilities.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 57

The halo effect, the tendency to overgeneralize a favorable impression of a person, is most related to which factor?

A)physical attractiveness
B)competence
C)physical proximity
D)similarity

Question 58

In an interpersonal attraction experiment, students listened to taped interviews of "College Quiz Bowl" candidates.The candidate who proved to be MOST attractive was the one who showed

A)average competence and was not clumsy.
B)average competence and was clumsy.
C)superior competence and was not clumsy.
D)superior competence and was clumsy.

Question 59

The factor of physical proximity in interpersonal relationships implies that

A)people are more likely to become friends if they live close to each other.
B)people are more likely to date people they meet at work or in their neighborhoods.
C)people are attracted to the people that they talk to on a regular basis, either in-person or in Internet chat rooms.
D)all of these are likely to occur.

Question 60

Regarding the factor of competence in interpersonal attractions, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)People prefer individuals with average ability rather than those that show superior competence.
B)People tend to like people that are competent but imperfect.
C)People tend to like people who have superior competence in all areas with no discernible weakness.
D)People like clumsy people because they make them feel more competent than the clumsy person.

Question 61

In social psychology, the process of revealing private thoughts, feelings, and one's personal history to others is known as

A)mutual exchange.
B)social comparison.
C)self-disclosure.
D)groupthink.

Question 62

Regarding self-disclosure, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)When self-disclosure proceeds at a moderate pace, it builds trust, intimacy, reciprocity, and positive feelings.
B)When self-disclosure is too rapid or inappropriate, we are likely to "back off" and wonder about the person's motives.
C)People often feel freer to express their true feelings on social networking websites, which can lead to genuine, face-to-face friendships, but can also lead to some very dramatic overdisclosure.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 63

Regarding self-disclosure, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)It involves the sharing of private thoughts and feelings and requires a degree of trust.
B)Most people play it safe, or "close to the vest," with people they do not know well.
C)People are more likely to reveal themselves to persons who they like than to those they find unattractive.
D)Overdisclosure tends to lead to reciprocity and a deepen of the relationship.

Question 64

Imagine standing in line at a store and having a stranger in front of you say, "Lately I have been thinking about how I really feel about myself.I think I am pretty well adjusted, but I occasionally have some questions about my sexual adequacy." This person has just illustrated

A)overdisclosure.
B)mutual exchange.
C)social comparison.
D)the actor-observer bias.

Question 65

Overdisclosure often results in

A)growing trust and intimacy.
B)increased attraction.
C)suspicion and reduced attraction.
D)a tendency to respond in the same way.

Question 66

Excessive self-disclosure is a staple of many television talk shows.Guests frequently reveal intimate details about their personal lives.Viewers probably find such intimate disclosures entertaining rather than threatening, because the

A)television guests are strangers to the viewer.
B)television guests are viewed as sympathetic individuals who are seeking help from the talk show host.
C)viewer does not have to reciprocate with their own self-disclosure to these guests.
D)viewer has been desensitized by watching numerous talk shows and will not feel threatened by overdisclosure as non-TV talk show watchers.

Question 67

_____ refers to the tendency we have to marry someone who is similar to us in almost every way.

A)Monogamy
B)Status equalities
C)Homogamy
D)The actor-observer bias

Question 68

In choosing a mate, which of the following statements is/are TRUE?

A)People who marry are highly similar in age, education, race, religion, and ethnic background.
B)The pattern of homogamy applies to both married couples as well as unmarried couples who are living together.
C)The risk of divorce is highest among couples with sizable differences in age and education.
D)All of these statements are true.

Question 69

To which element of interpersonal attraction is the term homogamy most related?

A)competence
B)similarity
C)physical attractiveness
D)proximity

Question 70

Moderate self-disclosure leads to

A)reciprocity.
B)suspicion and reduced attraction.
C)anxiety and unhappiness.
D)conformity and obedience.

Question 71

Sharing your own private thoughts and feelings with others is called

A)self-assertion.
B)dialectical autonomy.
C)self-disclosure.
D)introspection.

Question 72

Which of the following tends to increase suspicion and reduce attraction?

A)proximity
B)self-disclosure
C)competence
D)overdisclosure

Question 73

The pattern of homogamy explains why

A)unmarried couples have different characteristics than married couples do.
B)married couples tend to be highly similar in terms of many characteristics.
C)men and women tend to look for different qualities in the people they date.
D)married couples tend to be similar with respect to some characteristics, but very different with respect to most factors.

Question 74

Rick and Gerald are friends who are having lunch.Their conversation most likely would include all of the following EXCEPT

A)where to play golf this weekend.
B)problems with their cars.
C)concerns about their children.
D)the attractiveness of the waitress.

Question 75

In North America, male friendships are _____ based and female friendships are _____.

A)activity; based on sharing feelings.
B)attraction; based on activity
C)feeling; based on activity
D)activity; based on attraction

Question 76

Which of the following statements regarding overdisclosure is FALSE?

A)It involves disclosure that violates certain unspoken rules.
B)It can lead people to be distrustful of you.
C)It results in reciprocity in social interactions.
D)It often occurs on social networking websites like MySpace and Facebook..

Question 77

A major step toward friendship involves

A)complementary needs matching.
B)sharing private thoughts and feelings.
C)avoiding self-disclosure.
D)overdisclosure.

Question 78

Connie and Rhonda are new employees at the company.In the past month since they were hired, they have developed a friendship as each confides to the other about their struggles to work and take care of family as well as their impressions of other employees.Their close relationship has developed because they chose to share their thoughts and feelings with each other.This is known as

A)self-disclosure.
B)social comparison.
C)empathic helping.
D)social exchange.

Question 79

Homogamy is the term used to describe the

A)civil union of a homosexual couple.
B)similarity of identical twins.
C)evolutionary origins of the human behavior patterns.
D)tendency we have to marry someone who is similar to us.

Question 80

In North America, _____ friendships are activity based, while _____ friendships are based on shared feelings and confidences.

A)younger adults'; older adults'
B)older adults'; younger adults'
C)male; female
D)female; male