Deck 12: Extension D: Personality

Question 1

You are planning to get your nursing degree.Do you believe that you will be able to make the sacrifices and study the long hours? If you do, then Bandura would say that you have a high degree of self-efficacy.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Mitzi is a very passive individual, who is overly trusting and needs lots of attention.Freud would have said that Mitzi has an anal retentive personality.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The term character refers to the hereditary aspects of one's emotional nature.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The superego contains the conscience and ego ideal.

Question 5

Self-actualization refers to anyone who is making full use of his or her potentials.

Question 6

Andrea likes punk rock, has dyed her blonde hair black, and wears a lot of dark eyeliner and white lipstick; thus, according to Allport, these traits would be considered central traits for Andrea.

Question 7

According to studies of the influence of heredity and environment on personality traits, heredity appears to be responsible for less than ten percent of the variation in most personality traits.

Question 8

Regarding his college work, Toby tends to be disorganized, is frequently late to class, and often fails to turn in his assignments.He would most likely score low on the Big Five trait of conscientiousness.

Question 9

Classifying people into two or three types is more informative than rating people on a list of traits.

Question 10

Situations affect how our traits are exhibited.

Question 11

Learning to be more self-reinforcing appears to lessen depression.

Question 12

According to Freud, the Oedipus and Electra conflicts occur during the genital stage.

Question 13

Being overly perfectionistic tends to increase one's overall success in school, on the job, in one's relationships, and in life satisfaction.

Question 14

Concerning the cultural differences in self-esteem, Americans tend to emphasize individual accomplishments, while the Chinese tend to emphasize group accomplishments.

Question 15

Jung believed that there are basic universal concepts in all people, regardless of culture, called archetypes.

Question 16

According to social learning theory, the anticipation that making a response will lead to reinforcement is called expectancy.

Question 17

According to Dollard and Miller, a passive or active orientation toward the world may develop as a result of an infant's feeding experiences.

Question 18

Historians tell us that Abraham Lincoln's personality was dominated by the cardinal trait of honesty, which means that vast majority of Lincoln's activities can be traced to this trait.

Question 19

According to Freud, children from age six to puberty experience a quiet, settled time called the latency period when psychosexual development is dormant.

Question 20

According to Freud, one's preconscious level of awareness includes everything that a person is aware of at a given moment in time.

Question 21

Raymond Cattell used a statistical procedure called factor analysis to group the numerous surface traits into 16 ____________________ traits.

Question 22

According to Freud, the ____________________ serves as the rational, problem-solving executive of the personality.

Question 23

An objective test that has scales that rate a person's tendencies for depression, hysteria, paranoia, psychasthenia, and mania is the Thematic Apperception Test.

Question 24

In Freudian theory, the life instincts are called ____________________, while the death (or aggressive) instincts are known as ____________________.

Question 25

According to Rogers, if a person fails to allow new information to gradually change his or her self-image, the person is likely to become androgynous.

Question 26

A recent study found that the traits of hope, vitality, gratitude, love, and curiosity are strongly associated with life satisfaction.

Question 27

Although Joan would be described as very extroverted, she will be more extroverted at a party than when she is attending church.This observation supports the concept of ____________________.
or

Question 28

Markus and Nurius believe that each of us harbors images of people we would most like to become and images of people we do not want to become.They called these images possible selves.

Question 29

Concerning the cultural differences in self-esteem, Americans tend to emphasize ____________________ accomplishments, while the Chinese tend to emphasize ____________________ accomplishments.

Question 30

A person's unique and enduring behavior patterns define their ____________________.

Question 31

According to Allport, the basic building blocks that make up the core of personality are called ____________________ traits.

Question 32

Sudden murderers tend to be overcontrolled, kill in frenzied attacks, and often have amnesia after the incident.

Question 33

For humanistic theorists, the ego ideal forms the structure of the personality, while in the behavioral theories, self-concept forms the structure of the personality.

Question 34

Shy people typically tend to blame circumstances for their social failure and give themselves credit for social successes.

Question 35

A(n) ____________________ is a shy, reserved person whose attention is focused inward, while a(n) ____________________ is a bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward.

Question 36

The tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable first impression to an entire personality is known as the halo effect.

Question 37

When desirable or undesirable characteristics of personality are evaluated, we are assessing ____________________.

Question 38

Shyness is linked with public self-consciousness.

Question 39

Betsy is a psychologist who is recording the frequency of a child's inattention and out-of-seat behavior.She is using a technique known as situational testing.

Question 40

Brian, who is intelligent and creative, would most likely score high on the ____________________ dimension of the Big Five trait model.

Question 41

The best way to judge a theory is by its ____________________.

Question 42

The ____________________ approach views human nature as inherently good, while the ____________________ approach views human nature as inherently bad.

Question 43

Jung called the "public self," which we present to others when we adopt particular roles, the ____________________.

Question 44

According to Lee, Zimbardo, and Bertholf, ____________________ tend to be shy and restrained, kill in furious, frenzied attacks, and may have amnesia for their violent actions.

Question 45

If a personality test measures consistently every time it is given, we say that the test is ____________________.

Question 46

The ____________________ scales of the MMPI-2 detect attempts by test takers to "fake good" or "fake bad."

Question 47

An alternative to rating scales being used in direct observation is to use a(n)____________________, in which the frequency of specific behaviors are counted.

Question 48

According to behaviorists, ____________________, such as feeding and toilet training, are capable of leaving a lasting imprint on personality.

Question 49

The overly neat and orderly person is described by Freud as being ____________________ personality, while the messy and disorderly person is described by Freud as being ____________________ personality.

Question 50

People tend to rate some activities or reinforcers as being more valuable to them than others, which illustrates the social learning concept of ____________________.

Question 51

According to Dollard and Miller, ____________________ are governed by four elements of learning: drive, cue, response, reward.

Question 52

____________________ is often triggered by formality, being the focus of attention, and by novel or unfamiliar social situations.

Question 53

According to Rogers, ____________________ is the natural, undistorted, full-body reaction to an experience.

Question 54

A tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable impression to unrelated aspects of personality is termed the ____________________ effect.

Question 55

According to social learning theory, a child's feeling of being emotionally connected to another person is referred to as ____________________, while a child's attempts to match his or her behavior to another person's behavior is called ____________________.

Question 56

Exposing a person to simulated conditions to learn how he or she reacts under those conditions is called ____________________.

Question 57

Rogers described mismatches between one's self-image and one's ideal self as a state of ____________________.

Question 58

Modern scientists have found that the brain's ____________________ does, in fact, seem to trigger unconscious emotions and memories, as theorized by Freud.

Question 59

____________________ is the process by which a person is making full use of his or her potentials.
or

Question 60

According to behavioral personality theorists, ____________________ are external conditions that strongly influence behavior.

Question 61

Describe ways that a person can reduce their shyness.

Question 62

In the Minnesota study on reunited twins, many of the twins had similarities in political beliefs, job histories, hobbies, and favorite foods.Explain whether heredity or environment account for these similarities.

Question 63

Explain how each of the four personality theories view human nature, the structure of the personality, and the barriers to personal growth.

Question 64

Use 5 out of the 11 characteristics of self-actualizers to evaluate yourself, explain what may be helping or hindering your self-actualization, and describe what you can do to promote your journey through the process of self-actualization.

Question 65

Explain the differences in sudden murderers and habitually-violent murderers, including differences in their personality characteristics and in the crime itself.

Question 66

Explain the differences in personality questionnaires and projective techniques and then discuss the advantages and limitations of each type of assessment tool.

Question 67

Using the behavioristic view of development, explain why feeding, toilet training, sex training, and learning to express anger or aggression may be particularly important to personality formation.

Question 68

Describe your personality using the five dimensions of the Big Five Personality Model.

Question 69

Describe the characteristics of persons fixated at the oral, anal, and phallic stages; and what situations cause them to develop, according to Freud.

Question 70

Describe the consequences of a college student having an unhealthy perfectionism.