Deck 9: Personality and Individual Differences

Question 1

Social cognitive theories of personality are distinctive in their emphasis on the reciprocity between individuals and their culture.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In his theory of multiple intelligences,Sigmund Freud proposed that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Psychodynamic theories of personality emphasize the importance of the conscious.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The neo-Freudians placed greater emphasis than Freud on the functions of the ego,suggesting that it has more control than does the id over day to day activities.

Question 5

Anxiety,according to Freud,can occur in realistic forms as well as neurotic forms.

Question 6

The preconscious is material that is very damaging and leads to repression.

Question 7

Psychologist Hans Eysenck used factor analysis to identify patterns of traits and found that personality could best be described in terms of just three major dimensions.

Question 8

Internal events such as thoughts,feelings,and motivations are ignored by strict learning theorists.

Question 9

The psychodynamic and trait approaches concentrate on the "inner" person while learning theories focus on the "outer" person.

Question 10

Karen Horney suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships,and depends particularly on the relationship between parents and child and how well the child's needs are met.

Question 11

To a strict learning theorist,personality is simply the sum of learned responses to the external environment.

Question 12

Freud created the first stage theory of development,and called it the Psychosocial Stages of Development.

Question 13

According to Freud,there is no such thing as a verbal accident.Freudian slips reveal what is in your unconscious.

Question 14

Carl Jung,a neo-Freudian,looked at the primitive urges of the unconscious more positively than Freud,arguing that they represented a more general life force that encompasses an inborn drive motivating creativity and more positive resolution of conflict.

Question 15

A technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnoses is called test validity.

Question 16

Self-esteem refers to how we feel about the people in our lives.

Question 17

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 is an example of a self-report measure used to assess personality and behaviors.

Question 18

Unconditional positive regard refers to others withdrawing their love and acceptance if you do something of which they don't approve.The result is a discrepancy between your true self and what others wish you would be,leading to anxiety and frustration.

Question 19

A major criticism of psychoanalytic theory is that there is a lack of scientific data to support it.

Question 20

Anna Freud is considered the first feminist psychologist.

Question 21

The _________,according to Freudian theory,represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught and modeled by a person's parents,teachers,and other significant individuals.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)conscious

Question 22

The raw,unorganized,inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger,sex,aggression,and irrational impulses is called the __________.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)conscious

Question 23

The evolutionary perspective assumes that personality traits that led to survival and reproductive success of our ancestors are more likely to be preserved and passed on to subsequent generations.

Question 24

According to Freud,the part of the personality that contains the memories,knowledge,beliefs,feelings,urges,drives,and instincts of which the individual is not aware is called the ______________.

A)conscious
B)conscience
C)unconscious
D)psychological experience

Question 25

Emotional intelligence is the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment,evaluation,expression,and regulation of emotions.

Question 26

Practical intelligence is intelligence related to overall success in living.

Question 27

________________ approaches to personality assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness.

A)Psychodynamic
B)Cognitive
C)Humanistic
D)Behavioral

Question 28

The ego operates according to the ____________ principle.

A)reality
B)conscious
C)pleasure
D)unconscious

Question 29

The Binet Intelligence tests are the most widely used IQ tests that are currently available.

Question 30

According to Freud,the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world is known as the ______________.

A)ego
B)superego
C)conscience
D)conscious

Question 31

It is no longer acceptable to call people mentally retarded;instead we must classify them as intellectually disabled.

Question 32

Intelligence tests were originally designed to identify students in need of special attention in the classroom.

Question 33

Subjective personality tests are where a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it.

Question 34

The Rorschach Ink Blot Test is an example of projective personality tests.

Question 35

The pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person constitutes their ____________.

A)self-concept
B)self-esteem
C)personality
D)mentality

Question 36

According to Freudian theory,____________ are conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur.

A)Ego destructions
B)Ego repairs
C)Fixations
D)Neuroses

Question 37

The id operates according to the _____________ principle.

A)reality
B)conscious
C)pleasure
D)unconscious

Question 38

The Rorschach and the Thematic Apperception Test are both known as projective tests.

Question 39

Sternberg found that most traditional measures of intelligence accurately predict career success.

Question 40

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)is another well-known intelligence test.

Question 41

The basic,innate disposition that emerges early in life and encompasses several dimensions,including general activity level and mood,is known as a person's _________.

A)personality
B)cognitions
C)temperament
D)self-esteem

Question 42

Adler used the term ___________ to describe situations in which adults have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority they developed as children,when they were small and limited in their knowledge about the world.

A)archetypes
B)collective unconscious
C)superiority complex
D)inferiority complex

Question 43

According to humanistic theory,an attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer,no matter what a person says or does,is called _________________.

A)unconditional positive regard
B)conditional positive regard
C)self-actualization
D)self-esteem

Question 44

A model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality is called ____________ theory.

A)trait
B)state
C)emotion
D)cognitive

Question 45

The belief in one's personal capabilities,leading to higher aspirations and greater persistence is known as ___________.

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)self-efficacy
C)self-actualization
D)self-esteem

Question 46

The _______________,according to Jung,is a common set of ideas,feelings,images,and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors,the whole human race,and even animal ancestors from the distant past.

A)archetypes
B)collective unconscious
C)inferiority complex
D)Oedipal complex

Question 47

__________ are consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations.

A)Traits
B)States
C)Emotions
D)Cognitions

Question 48

A statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns is called _____________.

A)statistics
B)factor analysis
C)number analysis
D)standard deviation

Question 49

Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively;used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselves,are called ___________________.

A)reliability
B)validity
C)psychological tests
D)standard deviations

Question 50

The measurement consistency of a test,meaning that it yields the same result each time it is administered to a specific person or group,is called ____________.

A)validity
B)reliability
C)standard deviation
D)norms

Question 51

According to Jung,there are universal symbols that represent a particular person,object,or experience,and these are called _______________.

A)archetypes
B)collective unconscious
C)inferiority complex
D)Oedipal complex

Question 52

The component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations is known as ________________.

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)self-efficacy
C)self actualization
D)self-esteem

Question 53

A method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about a sample of their behavior is known as a(n)____________ measure.

A)self-report
B)psychological
C)cognitive
D)emotional

Question 54

Standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person's score on a test with the scores of others who have taken the same test are called ______________.

A)validity
B)reliability
C)standard deviation
D)norms

Question 55

When a test measures what it is supposed to measure,this is called ____________.

A)validity
B)reliability
C)standard deviation
D)norms

Question 56

A(n)__________________ is a direct measure of an individual's behavior designed to describe characteristics indicative of personality.

A)Rorschach
B)Thematic Apperception Test
C)behavioral assessment
D)MMPI-2

Question 57

The process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible,imitating that person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values,is known as ______________.

A)copying
B)assimilating
C)identification
D)identity assumption

Question 58

_____________,according to humanistic theory,is the state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential,each in a unique way.

A)Self-fulfilling prophecy
B)Self-efficacy
C)Self actualization
D)Self-esteem

Question 59

A child's sexual interest in his or her opposite sex parent,typically resolved through identification with the same sex parent,from Freud's work,is known as the ____________ conflict.

A)insight
B)Oedipal
C)Elektra
D)Medusa

Question 60

Alfred Adler,another neo-Freudian,proposed that the primary human motivation is a striving for ____________ in a quest for self-improvement and perfection.

A)superiority
B)perfection
C)love
D)excellence

Question 61

The _________,according to Freudian theory,represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught and modeled by a person's parents,teachers,and other significant individuals.

Question 62

The ego operates according to the ____________ principle.

Question 63

The part of the personality,according to Freud,that contains the memories,knowledge,beliefs,feelings,urges,drives,and instincts of which the individual is not aware is called the ______________.

Question 64

A test that does not discriminate against members of any minority group is called a ___________________ IQ test.

A)relative
B)culture-fair
C)racially fair
D)ethnically fair

Question 65

Mental retardation in which no apparent biological defect exists,but there is a history of retardation in the family,is known as _______________.

A)Familial retardation
B)Fetal alcohol
C)Down
D)Drug-related

Question 66

_____________ syndrome results from the presence of an extra chromosome.

A)Familial retardation
B)Fetal alcohol
C)Down
D)Drug-related

Question 67

The capacity to understand the world,think rationally,and use resources effectively when faced with challenges is considered one's _______________.

A)cognitions
B)intelligence
C)emotionality
D)stability

Question 68

________________ approaches to personality assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness.

Question 69

The part of the personality,according to Freud,that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world is known as the ______________.

Question 70

The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment,evaluation,expression,and regulation of emotions is known as ____________ intelligence.

A)emotional
B)practical
C)traditional
D)multiple

Question 71

The most common cause of mental retardation in newborns,occurring when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy,is called ______________ syndrome.

A)familial retardation
B)fetal alcohol
C)Down
D)drug-related

Question 72

A measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic,inherited factors is known as _____________.

A)culture-fair
B)heritability
C)genetics
D)cognitions

Question 73

The raw,unorganized,inborn part of personality,whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger,sex,aggression,and irrational impulses,is called the __________.

Question 74

Sarah takes the WAIS-III and finds out that her score is a 145.Sarah is considered intellectually __________ according to the results of her test.

A)retarded
B)gifted
C)stunted
D)deviant

Question 75

The accumulation of information,skills,and strategies that are learned through experience and can be applied in problem-solving situations is known as __________ intelligence.

A)fluid
B)crystallized
C)cognitive
D)emotional

Question 76

Intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities,reasoning,and memory is known as _____________ intelligence.

A)fluid
B)crystallized
C)cognitive
D)emotional

Question 77

The pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person is a description of their ____________.

Question 78

According to Robert Sternberg,___________ intelligence is related to overall success in living.

A)emotional
B)practical
C)traditional
D)multiple

Question 79

The _______________ processing approach asserts that the way people store material in memory and use the material to solve intellectual tasks provides the most accurate measures of intelligence.

A)cognitive
B)information
C)emotional
D)intellectual

Question 80

The id is operates according to the _____________ principle.