Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called reinforcement.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Habituation is showing excitement each time you see a stimulus,regardless of the amount of exposure you have been given.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Sigmund Freud created classical conditioning while working with his female patients in Vienna.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

A response that is natural and needs no training is called a stimulus response.

Question 5

A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned is called an unconditioned response.

Question 6

Classical conditioning focuses on the natural biological responses to the presence of a stimulus such as food,water,or pain,whereas operant conditioning applies to voluntary responses,which an organism performs deliberately to produce a desirable outcome.

Question 7

A response that,after conditioning,follows a previously neutral stimulus is called the conditioned response.

Question 8

Classical conditioning only works with animals.It does not work with humans.

Question 9

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Question 10

Reinforcers can be both positive or negative.

Question 11

A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus is called the neutral stimulus.

Question 12

The goal of conditioning is to associate an item that has no particular meaning with an item that has meaning and will therefore create a new response.

Question 13

Emotional responses are likely to be learned through classical conditioning.

Question 14

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

Question 15

A secondary reinforcer satisfies some biological need and works naturally,regardless of a person's prior experiences,whereas,in contrast,a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer is called a primary reinforcer.

Question 16

A stimulus that,before conditioning,does not naturally bring about the response of interest is called a conditioned stimulus.

Question 17

There are two types of punishment: positive punishment and negative punishment.

Question 18

Behavior modification is used to increase undesired behaviors while looking at others who are performing desired behaviors.

Question 19

Conditioning occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

Question 20

Positive reinforcement is the most effective method to shape behavior.

Question 21

Cognitive learning theory views learning in terms of the thought processes that underlie it.

Question 22

Classical conditioning was created by?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) Aristotle
D) John B. Watson

Question 23

A primary reinforcer satisfies some biological need and works naturally,regardless of a person's prior experiences.

Question 24

If an infant sees a bright colored toy for the first time and is excited,but then fails to be excited after repeated exposure to the toy,then he/she is exhibiting ____________.

A)maturation
B)habituation
C)learning
D)conditioning

Question 25

____________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

A)Maturation
B)Habituation
C)Learning
D)Conditioning

Question 26

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning is called ________________.

A)learning
B)remembering
C)spontaneous recovery
D)sporadic results

Question 27

_____________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

A)Reinforcement
B)Extinction
C)Conditioning
D)Stimuli

Question 28

In latent learning a new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.

Question 29

A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus is called the ___________ stimulus.

A)conditioned
B)unconditioned
C)paired
D)neutral

Question 30

A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned is called a(n)_____________ response.

A)unconditioned
B)conditioned
C)neutral
D)paired

Question 31

A stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer is called a secondary reinforcer.

Question 32

Violent video games have also been linked with actual aggression.

Question 33

A response that,after conditioning,follows a previously neutral stimulus is called the _____________ response.

A)conditioned
B)unconditioned
C)neutral
D)paired

Question 34

B.F.Skinner believed that a major part of human learning consists of observational learning.

Question 35

___________ conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response,after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

A)Operant
B)Classical
C)Learned
D)Repeated

Question 36

A response that is natural and needs no training is called a(n)_______________.

A)unconditioned response
B)conditioned response
C)stimulus response
D)paired response

Question 37

Shaping is the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Question 38

A stimulus that,before conditioning,does not naturally bring about the response of interest is called a(n)_____________ stimulus.

A)unconditioned
B)conditioned
C)neutral
D)paired

Question 39

Celia has a boyfriend who wears a certain cologne all of the time.After Celia and her boyfriend break up and she smells that cologne on someone else,she winces at the smell.Celia is undergoing the effects of which type of conditioning when she smells the cologne and does not like the smell?

A)classical
B)operant
C)negative
D)positive

Question 40

When a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus,it is called stimulus ________________.

A)reorganization
B)generalization
C)follow-up
D)discrimination

Question 41

________ conditioning applies to voluntary responses,which an organism performs deliberately to produce a desirable outcome.

A)Fixed
B)Instrumental
C)Operant
D)Classical

Question 42

In a __________ -ratio schedule,reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than a set number.

A)fixed
B)variable
C)partial
D)continuous

Question 43

If two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not,then it is called stimulus _______________.

A)reorganization
B)generalization
C)follow-up
D)discrimination

Question 44

A __________ reinforcer satisfies some biological need and works naturally,regardless of a person's prior experiences,whereas,in contrast,a stimulus that becomes reinforcing because of its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ____________ reinforcer.

A)primary;secondary
B)secondary;primary
C)positive;negative
D)negative;positive

Question 45

_____________ refers to a stimulus that decreases the probability that a prior behavior will occur again.

A)Extinction
B)Punishment
C)Discrimination
D)Reinforcement

Question 46

The view that learning is accomplished through thought processes is known as _____________ learning theory.

A)psychodynamic
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)existential

Question 47

If you reinforce a behavior every time it occurs it is called a(n)___________ reinforcement schedule.

A)intermittent
B)continuous
C)partial
D)broken

Question 48

A _________________ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.

A)positive
B)negative
C)secondary
D)primary

Question 49

Classical conditioning was created by ________________.

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Ivan Pavlov
C) B.F. Skinner
D) John B. Watson

Question 50

In a ____________-ratio schedule,reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses.

A)fixed
B)variable
C)partial
D)continuous

Question 51

________ conditioning focuses on the natural biological responses to the presence of a stimulus such as food,water,or pain.

A)Fixed
B)Instrumental
C)Operant
D)Classical

Question 52

A _________-interval schedule provides reinforcement for a response only if a set time period has elapsed,making overall rates of response relatively low.

A)fixed
B)variable
C)partial
D)continuous

Question 53

A ______________ reinforcer refers to an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

A)positive
B)negative
C)secondary
D)primary

Question 54

All of the following are techniques used by behavior analysts to modify behavior EXCEPT:

A)reinforcement scheduling
B)shaping
C)extinction
D)psychoanalysis

Question 55

Schedules of reinforcement are

A)different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior.
B)different patterns of behavior that follow a schedule.
C)different patterns of timing following an undesirable behavior.
D)different patterns of punishment following undesirable behavior.

Question 56

_____________ conditioning focuses on the natural biological responses to the presence of a stimulus such as food,water,or pain,whereas __________ conditioning applies to voluntary responses,which an organism performs deliberately to produce a desirable outcome.

A)Classical;operant
B)Operant;classical
C)Positive;negative
D)Negative;positive

Question 57

If you reinforce a behavior some but not all of the time,then it is called a(n)____________ reinforcement schedule.

A)intermittent
B)continuous
C)partial
D)broken

Question 58

The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called ___________________.

A)reinforcement
B)satiety
C)likelihood
D)aversive

Question 59

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened,depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences,is called _______________ conditioning.

A)classical
B)operant
C)positive
D)negative

Question 60

A ______________-interval schedule is a schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being set.

A)fixed
B)variable
C)partial
D)continuous

Question 61

A type of learning where a new behavior is learned,but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it,is called ___________ learning.

Question 62

A response that,after conditioning,follows a previously neutral stimulus,is called the _____________ response.

Question 63

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened,depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences,is called _______________ conditioning.

Question 64

________ of reinforcement are different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired responses.

A)Schedules
B)Tables
C)Graphs
D)Analyses

Question 65

A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned is called a(n)_____________ stimulus.

Question 66

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning is called ________________.

Question 67

___________ conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Question 68

A type of learning where a new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it is called ___________ learning.

A)cognitive
B)latent
C)observational
D)reward

Question 69

The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called ___________________.

Question 70

When a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus it is called stimulus ________________.

Question 71

A response that is natural and needs no training is called a(n)_______________.

Question 72

Celia has a boyfriend who wears a certain cologne all of the time.When Celia and her boyfriend break up and she smells that cologne on someone else,she winces at the smell.Celia is undergoing the effects of ____________ conditioning when she smells the cologne and does not like the smell.

Question 73

A stimulus that,before conditioning,does not naturally bring about the response of interest is called a _____________ stimulus.

Question 74

_____________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

Question 75

____________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

Question 76

If two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not,then it is called stimulus _______________.

Question 77

A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus is called the ___________ stimulus.

Question 78

If an infant sees a bright colored toy for the first time and is excited,but then fails to be excited after repeated exposure to the toy,then he/she is exhibiting ____________.

Question 79

A _________________ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.

Question 80

A type of learning where you watch the behavior of another person or model is called ____________ learning.

A)cognitive
B)latent
C)observational
D)reward