Deck 19: Regulation and Metabolism

Question 1

Strict vegetarians may be susceptible to

A)pernicious anemiA.
B)night blindness.
C)pellagra.
D)scurvy.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The vitamin D derivative calcipotriene is used to treat the skin condition

A)pellagrA.
B)beriberi.
C)scurvy.
D)psoriasis.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin?

A)vitamin E
B)vitamin A
C)vitamin C
D)vitamin D

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an essential amino acid?

A)leucine
B)valine
C)lysine
D)proline

Question 5

If an unsaturated fatty acid chain is 22 carbons long and the first of three double bonds is at the fifth carbon from the methyl end,it would be an

A)omega-5 fatty acid.
B)omega-22 fatty acid.
C)omega-3 fatty acid.
D)omega-16 fatty aciD.

Question 6

Which vitamin and its deficiency is NOT correctly matched?

A)vitamin B₁ - beriberi
B)folate - pernicious anemia
C)niacin - pellagra
D)vitamin D - rickets

Question 7

There are nine essential amino acids and 2 essential fatty acids.

Question 8

Metabolic rate can be measured by the

A)amount of heat generated by the body.
B)heart and respiration rates.
C)amount of oxygen consumed by the body.
D)amount of heat generated and the amount of oxygen consumed by the body.

Question 9

Individuals consuming diets containing omega-3 fatty acids are less likely to develop cardiovascular disease.

Question 10

Which of the following acts as an antioxidant within the body?

A)vitamin C
B)vitamin A
C)vitamin K
D)niacin

Question 11

Fatty acids which have double bonds between the carbons are called saturated fatty acids.

Question 12

The main factor determining differences in energy requirements of individuals of similar gender and weight is the difference in

A)physical activity.
B)genetics.
C)body temperature.
D)height.

Question 13

A positive energy balance occurs when

A)energy expenditures are greater than the calorie value of food.
B)energy expenditures balance the calorie value of food.
C)the calorie value of food is greater than energy expenditures.
D)you lose weight.

Question 14

What is the average energy expenditure for an active man not engaged in heavy manual labor?

A)2100 kcal/day
B)2500 kcal/day
C)2900 kcal/day
D)3200 kcal/day

Question 15

Reactions that involve synthesis of DNA,proteins,and other molecules are considered

A)anabolic.
B)hydrolytic.
C)cataboliC.
D)degradation.

Question 16

One gram of fat contains more energy than 2 grams of protein.

Question 17

If an individual consumes excess calories in the form of carbohydrates,the excess energy is stored as

A)glycogen.
B)structural carbohydrates.
C)fat.
D)skeletal muscle.

Question 18

The metabolic rate of an awake,relaxed person,12 to 14 hours after eating,at a comfortable temperature is known as the

A)average metabolic rate.
B)basal metabolic rate.
C)oxidative metabolic rate.
D)metabolic rate.

Question 19

Which of the following minerals is needed only in trace amounts by the body?

A)sodium
B)potassium
C)iron
D)calcium

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a function of derivatives of water-soluble vitamins?

A)coenzymes in metabolism of carbohydrates,lipids,and proteins
B)forming hydrogen carriers NAD and FAD
C)cofactors for enzymes
D)intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT an exogenous cause of ROS (reactive oxygen species)production?

A)catalase
B)drugs
C)environmental toxins
D)ionizing radiation

Question 22

A very thin female would have low amounts of leptin and may enter puberty late or experience amenorrhea.

Question 23

The only energy source for the brain is

A)glucose.
B)glycogen.
C)fatty acid.
D)protein.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a nonenzymatic protection against oxidative stress?

A)hydrogen peroxide
B)glutathione
C)ascorbic acid
D)alpha-tocopherol

Question 25

A free radical has

A)paired electrons.
B)unpaired electrons.
C)unbonded electrons.
D)bonded electrons.

Question 26

Lipolysis is the process by which triglycerides are stored in adipocytes.

Question 27

Where is the major site of body energy storage?

A)brown fat
B)liver
C)white fat
D)inside skeletal muscle cells

Question 28

Superoxide radicals have which of the following beneficial effects?

A)killing bacteria
B)promote proliferation of fibroblasts
C)promote proliferation of lymphocytes
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 29

The body's adipostat works in a negative feedback way to maintain adipose tissue to keep you from losing weight.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT an endogenous source of ROS (reactive oxygen species)?

A)peroxisomes
B)UV light
C)mitochondria
D)NADPH oxidase

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a circulating energy substrate?

A)glucose
B)glycogen
C)fatty acids
D)amino acids

Question 32

The preferred energy source for resting skeletal muscle is (are)

A)glucose.
B)glycogen.
C)fatty acids.
D)protein.

Question 33

Primary energy reserves include glycogen and fat.

Question 34

Obesity in adults results primarily from adipocyte hyperplasia.

Question 35

What is the major nonenzymatic protective mechanism against oxidative stress?

A)ascorbic acid
B)alpha-tocopherol
C)beta-carotene
D)glutathione

Question 36

The nitric oxide radical promotes vasodilation.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT an enzymatic protection against oxidative stress?

A)catalase
B)superoxide dismutase
C)alpha-tocopherol
D)glutathioneperoxidase

Question 38

Excessive production of free radicals that can damage lipids,proteins,and DNA is called

A)inflammation.
B)antioxidation.
C)oxidative stress.
D)quenching.

Question 39

Oxidative stress is associated with many diseases because of the buildup of free radicals in the nucleus of aerobic cells.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT true of oxidative stress?

A)protects from development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
B)contributes to aging and degenerative diseases associated with aging.
C)promotes the malignant growth of cancers.
D)contributes to all inflammatory diseases.

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT true of metabolic syndrome?

A)hypotension
B)insulin resistance
C)dyslidipemia
D)central obesity

Question 42

Fat cells are less sensitive to insulin in

A)obese individuals.
B)anorexic individuals.
C)individuals who do not exercise.
D)individuals at their optimal weight.

Question 43

A BMI of over ____ is considered obese.

A)20
B)25
C)30
D)35

Question 44

The arcuate nucleus is a region of the thalamus involved in hunger regulation.

Question 45

Ghrelin is postulated to be important as a satiety factor.

Question 46

A tumor suppressing the activity of which brain area could induce obesity?

A)ventromedial hypothalamus
B)lateral hypothalamus
C)dorsomedial hypothalamus
D)anterior hypothalamus

Question 47

Which of the following are involved in short-term regulation of hunger?

A)leptin and CCK
B)ghrelin and CCK
C)insulin and PYY
D)leptin and insulin

Question 48

A female with a BMI of 25.5 would be considered

A)obese.
B)overweight.
C)healthy.
D)too thin.

Question 49

Exercising at low or moderate intensity promotes use of fatty acids by skeletal muscle.

Question 50

Hyperphagia is produced by destroying the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus.

Question 51

Insulin resistance may be stimulated by elevated concentrations of all of the following EXCEPT

A)tumor necrosis factor alphA.
B)resistin.
C)adiponectin.
D)retinol binding protein 4.

Question 52

__________ is an adipose tissue hormone that stimulates glucose utilization and fatty acid oxidation in muscle cells thereby producing an insulin-sensitizing,antidiabetic effect.

A)Leptin
B)Adiponectin
C)TNF alpha
D)Resistin

Question 53

Low leptin levels are found in cases of starvation,anorexia,and bulimia.

Question 54

Satiety would be induced by all of the following EXCEPT

A)cholecystokinin.
B)naloxone.
C)morphine.
D)serotonin.

Question 55

The risk of cardiovascular disease is increased

A)in someone with a "pear shaped" body.
B)in someone with an "apple shaped" body.
C)in someone with a BMI less than 30.
D)in someone with little intra-abdominal fat.

Question 56

The BMI of a female weighing 130 pounds with a height of 68 inches would be closest to

A)2.4.
B)19.8.
C)76.5.
D)34.8.

Question 57

The nuclear receptor protein required for differentiation of ________ is PPAR $\gamma$ (perioxisome proliferator activated receptor $\gamma$ ).

A)erythrocytes
B)fibroblasts
C)adipocytes
D)reticulocytes

Question 58

Destruction of which cell type in the fetus would affect adipocyte number in the adult?

A)myoblasts
B)neuroblasts
C)epiblasts
D)fibroblasts

Question 59

_______ is a satiety factor that acts to suppress neuropeptide Y and stimulate MSH release.

A)Leptin
B)MSH
C)Glucose
D)Insulin

Question 60

Which of the following are NOT signs of decreased leptin secretion?

A)decline in helper T abilities
B)delayed onset of puberty
C)menstrual abnormalities
D)increased hunger

Question 61

Adaptive thermogenesis is the heat energy expended by the body in response to all of the following EXCEPT

A)increase in ambient temperature.
B)digestion of food.
C)physical activity.
D)decrease in ambient temperature.

Question 62

Activation of the sympathoadrenal system would cause

A)hypoglycemiA.
B)diabetes insipidus.
C)hyperglycemia.
D)excessive weight gain.

Question 63

Which hunger hormone is released in between meals?

A)CCK
B)polypeptide YY
C)MSH
D)ghrelin

Question 64

What is the major function of brown adipose tissue?

A)shivering thermogenesis
B)nonshivering thermogenesis
C)decreasing metabolic rate
D)decrease body temperature

Question 65

What hormone is important in adaptive thermogenesis?

A)calcitonin
B)thyroxine
C)insulin
D)MSH

Question 66

Ablation of the thyroid gland would cause a drop in basal metabolic rate.

Question 67

Elevated concentrations of glucagon would result in

A)decreased lipolysis.
B)decreased glycogen synthesis.
C)increased gluconeogenesis.
D)increased lipogenesis.

Question 68

Which hormone has no effect on blood glucose levels?

A)insulin
B)thyroid hormone
C)growth hormone
D)epinephrine

Question 69

Which of the following increase(s)lipogenesis?

A)insulin
B)epinephrine
C)glucagon
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 70

To decrease hunger,MSH must bind to its receptor,______ in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.

A)neuropeptide Y
B)agouti-related protein
C)melanocortin 4
D)PYY

Question 71

Starvation decreases metabolic rate by as much as

A)10%.
B)20%.
C)40%.
D)65%.

Question 72

Lipolysis and gluconeogenesis are stimulated when

A)insulin and glucagon are both decreasing.
B)insulin and glucagon are both increasing.
C)insulin is increasing and glucagon is decreasing.
D)insulin is decreasing and glucagon is increasing.

Question 73

Which of the following components of energy expenditure is greatest in an average,sedentary adult?

A)basal metabolic rate.
B)adaptive thermogenesis.
C)physical activity.
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 74

The hormone that antagonizes the effect of growth hormone is

A)glucagon.
B)thyroxin.
C)insulin.
D)epinephrine.

Question 75

Which of the following are involved in long-term regulation of hunger?

A)leptin and CCK
B)ghrelin and CCK
C)insulin and PYY
D)leptin and insulin

Question 76

One of the factors that increases body heat during adaptive thermogenesis is the production of ___________ by skeletal muscle.This product causes leakage of protons from the intermembrane space of the mitochondria.

A)uncoupling protein
B)insulin
C)glycogen
D)glucagon

Question 77

Lipolysis is increased by

A)epinephrine.
B)growth hormone.
C)glucagon.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 78

Epinephrine increases lipolysis and ketogenesis.

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT a caloric energy expenditure of the body?

A)BMI
B)physical activity
C)BMR
D)adaptive thermogenesis

Question 80

The period between meals is

A)absorptive state.
B)fasting state.
C)postabsorptive state.
D)Both fasting and postabsorptive state.