Deck 15: The Immune System

Question 1

The two categories of immune defensive mechanisms are __________ and ___________.

A)innate (nonspecific)immunity,adaptive (specific)immunity.
B)passive immunity,active immunity.
C)heavy immunity,light immunity.
D)direct immunity,indirect immunity.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Molecules that are present in the membranes of gram-negative bacteria and are the best known PAMPs are called

A)interferon.
B)lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
C)lymphokines.
D)complement.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Chemotaxis is the chemical attraction of phagocytes to the site of an infection.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Macrophages are derived from neutrophils.

Question 5

What substance signals macropages to destroy self-cells that have committed apoptosis?

A)interleukin-1
B)peptidoglycan
C)complement
D)phosphatidylserine

Question 6

What structures aid in our ability to identify potential pathogens as foreign and not self by bonding to PAMPs?

A)complement
B)LPS
C)cytokines
D)toll-like receptors

Question 7

Fever is induced by pyrogens.

Question 8

It would take too many genes for us to inherit all of our mechanisms to fight pathogens.

Question 9

_____________ tissues serve as a barrier to microbial infection.

A)Epithelial
B)Muscular
C)Nervous
D)Connective

Question 10

Phagocytic cells include all of the following EXCEPT

A)microgliA.
B)Kupffer cells.
C)lymphocytes.
D)macrophages.

Question 11

Which of the following does NOT act to produce fever?

A)tumor necrosis factor
B)interleukin-6
C)interferon
D)interleukin-1

Question 12

Neutrophils and monocytes are able to leave the blood and enter tissues via diapedesis.

Question 13

Which of the following is involved in specific immunity?

A)mucus
B)macrophages
C)neutrophils
D)lymphocytes

Question 14

What system helps to integrate innate and adaptive immune responses?

A)PAMPs
B)cytokines
C)complement
D)interferon

Question 15

Phagocytosis of pathogens would be enhanced if

A)the number of monocytes in the blood increased.
B)Kupffer cells were destroyed.
C)the number of neutrophils in the blood increased.
D)The number of monocytes or neutrophils in the blood increaseD.

Question 16

Inhibition of phagocytosis prevents proper Kupffer cell function.

Question 17

The binding of toll-like receptors on dendritic cells and macrophages to LPS from bacteria stimulates the secretion of

A)cytokines.
B)complement.
C)PAMPs.
D)peptidoglycans.

Question 18

How does the immune system recognize a foreign cell?

A)The presence of toll-like receptors.
B)The presence of organ-specific phagocytes.
C)The presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
D)The presence of complement.

Question 19

Lymphocytes are involved in specific immune reactions.

Question 20

_____________ is a secreted enzyme that destroys bacteria.

A)Chemotaxin
B)Complement
C)Lysozyme
D)Interferon

Question 21

Gamma interferon is a useful tool against cancer and is produced by natural killer cells.

Question 22

B lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

Question 23

The population of T lymphocytes in the blood is larger than that of the B lymphocytes.

Question 24

Which cell combats vitally infected cells,transplants,and cancer cells?

A)B lymphocyte
B)T lymphocyte

Question 25

Fevers increase neutrophil activity and interferon production.

Question 26

Beta interferon is now being used to treat hepatitis B and
C.

Question 27

What are the areas of antigens that stimulate production of various antibodies called?

A)haptens
B)lymphokines
C)antigenic determinant sites
D)complement binding sites

Question 28

Actions of interferons include

A)stimulation of fever.
B)inhibition of cytotoxic T cells.
C)inhibition of antibody production.
D)inhibition of cell division.

Question 29

The measurement of a particular antigen by an agglutination reaction is called an immunoassay.

Question 30

The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ that filters lymph from lymphatic vessels.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphoid organ?

A)spleen
B)tonsils
C)thymus
D)lymph nodes

Question 32

Which cell combats most bacterial infections?

A)B lymphocyte
B)T lymphocyte

Question 33

Interferons stimulate macrophage replication.

Question 34

The lymph nodes and spleen are primary lymphoid organs.

Question 35

Antigens

A)are large,complex molecules.
B)are usually small molecules.
C)normally have a simple structure.
D)are often normally found in body fluids.

Question 36

Small organic molecules that by themselves are NOT antigenic are called

A)antibodies.
B)haptens.
C)interferons.
D)complement.

Question 37

T lymphocytes in an adult mainly come from

A)the thymus.
B)bone marrow.
C)lymph nodes and spleen.
D)the liver.

Question 38

Interferons

A)stimulate viral replication.
B)provide humoral immunity.
C)provide nonspecific immunity.
D)are produced by viruses.

Question 39

Interferons have diverse functions including inhibiting erythrocyte and adipose cell maturation.

Question 40

Alpha and beta interferons will inhibit

A)growth of cancer cells.
B)viral replication and assembly.
C)activity of natural killer cells.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 41

Phagocytotic leukocytes involved in the inflammatory response generally do not reenter system circulation.

Question 42

Allergic reactions could be minimized if the synthesis of immunoglobulin _____________ was blocked.

A)IgA
B)IgM
C)IgE
D)IgD

Question 43

Antigens are used to induce a passive immune response.

Question 44

During the local inflammatory response,a lack of mast cells would result in

A)decreased antibody secretion.
B)interaction of antibodies with the pathogen.
C)activation of complement.
D)decreased capillary permeability.

Question 45

Activated B lymphocytes move into a germinal center of a secondary lymphoid organ and then produce antibodies.

Question 46

The ability of antibodies to promote phagocytosis is called

A)opsonization.
B)chemotaxis.
C)extravasation.
D)complementation.

Question 47

What chemical acts as a chemokine to draw more neutrophils to the site of an infection?

A)histamine
B)tumor necrosis factor alpha
C)protease
D)prostaglandin

Question 48

Mutation in the variable regions of the heavy and light chains would directly change the antigen binding site.

Question 49

Antibody diversity can be explained by

A)clonal production of plasma cells.
B)antigen-dependent diversification.
C)over 100 million genes encoding for antibodies.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 50

Colostrum is high in

A)IgA.
B)IgD.
C)IgE.
D)IgG.

Question 51

What is the process of drawing leukocytes to the site of an infection?

A)chemotaxis
B)diapedesis
C)extravasation
D)opsonization

Question 52

Antibody diversity can be explained by

A)the fact that many different genes encode for the different antibody chains.
B)mutations occur in germ cells.
C)mutation of pathogens.
D)clonal production of plasma cells.

Question 53

What chemical is released by neutrophils that produces pus at the site of an infection?

A)cytokines
B)heparin
C)histamine
D)proteases

Question 54

Both innate and adaptive immunity processes are necessary for local inflammation to function properly.

Question 55

What chemical is released by mast cells that aids in the inflammation process by causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability?

A)cytokines
B)heparin
C)histamine
D)proteases

Question 56

Mutations in the genes encoding for IgG would

A)prevent allergic reactions.
B)block the synthesis of the principle form of circulating antibody.
C)prevent antibody secretion in external secretions.
D)prevent lymphocyte stimulation by antigens.

Question 57

The ability of IgM antibodies to convert of other types of antibodies is called

A)cloning.
B)antigen-dependent diversification.
C)class switch recombination.
D)somatic hyper mutation.

Question 58

The characteristic symptoms of local inflammation include redness,warmth,swelling,pain,and pus.

Question 59

Which leukocytes are the first to arrive at an inflamed site?

A)T lymphocytes
B)B lymphocytes
C)monocytes
D)neutrophils

Question 60

C5 through C9 from the ______,creates a hole in the cell that permits fluid influx and lysis.

A)classical pathway
B)activation sequence
C)membrane attack complex
D)recognition complex

Question 61

Immunoglobulins are synthesized and secreted by B lymphocytes.

Question 62

_____________ may induce excess nitric oxide production in macrophages which could lead to the hypotension characteristic of septic shock.

A)Exotoxin
B)Interferon
C)Endotoxin
D)Complement

Question 63

T lymphocytes

A)differentiate in the bone marrow.
B)secrete antibodies.
C)mature in the thymus.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 64

Individuals suffering from acquired immune deficiency syndrome have decreased numbers of circulating

A)Regulatory T lymphocytes.
B)Helper T lymphocytes.
C)B lymphocytes.
D)macrophages.

Question 65

What distinguishes killer T lymphocytes from other T lymphocytes?

A)CD8 coreceptors
B)CD4 coreceptors
C)CD25 coreceptors
D)CD15 coreceptors

Question 66

Complement fragments stimulate all of the following EXCEPT

A)chemotaxis.
B)opsonization.
C)histamine release.
D)antibody production.

Question 67

Increasing interleuken-3 levels would limit the development of mast cells.

Question 68

Mutations in complement proteins 1 through 4 directly affect the structure of the membrane attack complex.

Question 69

Complement proteins facilitate opsonization.

Question 70

Antibodies facilitate the _______ of complement to the membrane of a pathogenic organism.

A)activation
B)fixation
C)cloning
D)None of the choices are correct.

Question 71

Antibodies cause direct destruction of antigens and pathogenic organisms.

Question 72

Mutation in complement protein number 1 would directly

A)prevent complement recognition.
B)prevent complement fixation.
C)prevent opsonization.
D)prevent complement activation.

Question 73

Interactions between B cells and helper T cells stimulate the actions of killer T cells.

Question 74

Antibodies act as "red flags" to identify antigens or pathogenic organisms for phagocytosis or action by complement.

Question 75

Mutations in polypeptides called _____________ that are produced by T cells would prevent T cells from destroying infected cells.

A)perforins
B)antibodies
C)histamines
D)interferons

Question 76

Inhibiting proteins C2-C4 would block the activation of

A)interferon.
B)complement.
C)specific immunity.
D)antibodies.

Question 77

What is the function of granzymes?

A)polymerize cell membranes to form a large pore
B)activate caspases that destroy the cell's DNA
C)bind to the plasma membrane of the host cell
D)activate complement

Question 78

___________ is the ability of antibodies and complements to enhance phagocytosis.

A)Opsonization
B)Complement activation
C)Cell-mediated immunity
D)Inflammation

Question 79

Inhibiting the actions of helper T lymphocytes may impair humoral immunity.

Question 80

Blocking the _____ receptor on helper T lymphocytes may inhibit activation by antigen presenting cells.

A)CD25
B)CD4
C)MHC
D)IL-6