Deck 10: Sensory Physiology

Question 1

The law of specific nerve energies can be used to explain

A)phantom limbs.
B)paradoxical cold.
C)sensory adaptation.
D)lateral inhibition.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Cutaneous receptors respond to stimuli that are outside the body and are therefore also

A)proprioceptors.
B)interoceptors.
C)exteroceptors.
D)special senses.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Phasic receptors adapt rapidly to maintained stimuli.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Chemoreceptors that monitor blood glucose levels are also

A)interoceptors.
B)proprioceptors.
C)special senses.
D)exteroceptors.

Question 5

Damage to cutaneous receptors would limit the ability to detect all of the following except

A)pain.
B)thermal sensations.
C)body position.
D)touch.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a touch or pressure cutaneous receptor?

A)Golgi Corpuscle
B)Pacinian Corpuscle
C)Merkel's Disk
D)Meissner's Corpuscle

Question 7

The least amount of energy that produces adequate stimulation of a receptor is the

A)sensory adaptation.
B)generator potential.
C)all-or-none law.
D)law of specific nerve energies.

Question 8

Encapsulated cutaneous receptors are used to detect thermal sensations.

Question 9

The magnitude of the generator potential is directly proportional to the frequency of the action potentials being produced.

Question 10

As the magnitude of a generator potential increases the _____________ of action potentials in the sensory neuron increases.

A)adaptation
B)frequency
C)amplitude
D)sensitivity

Question 11

Having the ability to ignore constant phasic stimuli is called

A)the law of specific nerve energies.
B)tonic adaptation.
C)sensory adaptation.
D)phasic adaptation.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Our senses can perceive a wide range of energies.
B)Different modalities of sensations have different types of impulses.
C)Sensory receptors transduce different forms of physical energy to nerve impulses.
D)The brain cannot distinguish between impulses of cold and heat.

Question 13

The potential produced by sensory receptors is called a

A)local potential.
B)generator potential.
C)receptor potential.
D)Both generator and receptor potentials are correct.

Question 14

Proprioceptors allow for individuals to determine the position of a limb or body part.

Question 15

_____________ receptors undergo slow adaptation.

A)Tonic
B)Phasic

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a cutaneous receptor?

A)muscle spindle
B)touch receptor
C)heat receptor
D)pain receptor

Question 17

Functional classes of sensory receptors include chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors.

Question 18

Which type of receptor responds to physical deformation of its cell membrane?

A)chemoreceptors
B)photoreceptors
C)thermoreceptors
D)mechanoreceptors

Question 19

Which of the following is a special sense?

A)touch
B)vision
C)pain
D)All apply.

Question 20

An individual would normally perceive pain when the chemoreceptors are stimulated.

Question 21

The palm of the hand would have a higher receptor density than the upper arm.

Question 22

How many neurons conduct sensory impulses from the periphery to the postcentral gyrus?

A)one
B)two
C)three
D)four

Question 23

Where do the tracts carrying impulses of proprioception and pressure cross?

A)in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord
B)in the medulla oblongata
C)in the thalamus
D)the axons do not cross

Question 24

The __________ fibers are thin myelinated axons that carry sensations of heat,cold,and pain to the spinal cord.

A)A-delta
B)B-gamma
C)C
D)A-beta

Question 25

Transmission of thermal sensations to the sensory cortex would be impaired by damage to the

A)lateral spinothalamic tract.
B)anterior spinothalamic tract.
C)medial lemniscus tract.
D)anterior spinocerebellar tract.

Question 26

Second-order neurons from the medial lemniscus and spinothalamic tracts synapse with third-order neurons in the thalamus.

Question 27

Sensations are sharpened via

A)two-point discrimination.
B)adaptation.
C)lateral inhibition.
D)phantom limb.

Question 28

_____________ is the perception of pain in a somatic location that is caused by damage to an internal organ and not by the activity somatic nociceptors.

A)Sensory adaptation
B)Lateral inhibition
C)Referred pain
D)Phantom limb

Question 29

The ________________ phenomenon refers to amputees reporting sensations in limbs that are no longer there.

A)phantom limb
B)lateral inhibition
C)referred pain
D)adaptation

Question 30

Areas of the skin with small receptive fields would have a greater sensory acuity.

Question 31

As ____________ increases,the two-point threshold decreases.

A)receptor number
B)receptor density
C)receptor sensitivity
D)receptor sensation

Question 32

The capsaicin receptor serves as both an ion channel and a receptor for the molecule in chili peppers that causes sensations of

A)heat and pain.
B)cold and pain.
C)pressure and pain.
D)heat and pressure.

Question 33

The ________________________ is a membrane ion channel on sensory neurons that responds to cold in the 8º to 28ºC range by producing a depolarization.

A)capsaicin receptor
B)two-point threshold
C)cold or menthol receptor
D)pacinian corpuscle

Question 34

Nociceptors may be either myelinated or unmyelinated and function to carry pain sensations to the spinal cord using ____________ and ________________ as neurotransmitters.

A)substance P,norepinephrine
B)glutamate,acetylcholine
C)substance P,glutamate
D)acetylcholine,substance P

Question 35

Proprioception and pressure impulses are carried by large,_______ neurons in the ______ columns of the spinal cord and are ____.

A)myelinated,ventral,contralateral
B)unmyelinated,lateral,ipsilateral
C)myelinated,dorsal,ipsilateral
D)unmyelinated,dorsal,contralateral

Question 36

The capsaicin receptor produces both heat and pain sensations by allowing Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ to diffuse into the neuron through transient receptor potential channels.

Question 37

Acute itch is produced by _______ binding to its receptors.

A)capsaicin
B)menthol
C)histamine
D)glutamate

Question 38

Impulses of pain are also transmitted to the _____ which is part of the limbic system.

A)cingulate gyrus
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)caudate nucleus

Question 39

Where do the fibers of the spinothalamic tracts cross?

A)in the spinal cord at the level the axons enter the cord
B)in the medulla oblongata
C)in the thalamus
D)the axons do not cross

Question 40

Nociceptors relay sensory information to the cortex via the lateral spinothalamic tract.

Question 41

Which of the following cranial nerves conveys gustatory information?

A)facial
B)glossopharyngeal
C)hypoglossal
D)Both the facial and glossopharyngeal are correct.

Question 42

What extracellular ion is necessary for release of neurotransmitter for salty and sour tastes?

A)Mg²⁺
B)K⁺
C)Na⁺
D)Ca²⁺

Question 43

Chemoreceptors that respond to chemical changes in the external environment are called

A)interoceptors.
B)nociceptors.
C)proprioceptors.
D)exteroceptors.

Question 44

Which of the following is TRUE of taste?

A)Taste receptors are considered interoceptors.
B)Sweet is sensed at the tip of the tongue.
C)Chemicals must be dissolved to stimulate the taste cells.
D)All apply.

Question 45

Information obtained via _____________ is transmitted directly to the limbic system.

A)gustation
B)audition
C)olfaction
D)touch

Question 46

Which taste modality involves membrane receptors that are coupled to G-proteins?

A)umami
B)salty
C)sour
D)All apply.

Question 47

Monosodium glutamate stimulates bitter taste receptors.

Question 48

Specialized cells on the tongue that distinguish salty,sour,sweet,meaty,or bitter flavors are called

A)taste buds.
B)umami cells.
C)gustducin.
D)taste cells.

Question 49

Olfactory receptor proteins are especially located on the membrane of their nonmotile cilia and are coupled to

A)cAMP.
B)cGMP.
C)Ca²⁺.
D)G-proteins.

Question 50

Which of the following are NOT types of tongue papillae?

A)foliate papillae
B)circumvallate papillae
C)glossoform papillae
D)fungiform papillae

Question 51

Where is the primary gustatory cortex?

A)postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
B)prefrontal cortex
C)temporal lobe
D)insula

Question 52

Sweet,umami,and bitter receptors activate gustducin G-proteins that lead to depolarization.

Question 53

Solutions containing a high concentration of hydrogen ions would maximally stimulate taste buds for sweet.

Question 54

Damage to cranial nerve _____________ would limit the ability to taste sweet substances.

A)VII
B)V
C)X
D)XII

Question 55

Gustducin

A)is an olfactory G-protein.
B)is related to transducin of the eye.
C)activates second-messenger systems that hyperpolarize the receptor cell.
D)All apply.

Question 56

What causes the release of neurotransmitters from sweet and umami tastes?

A)opening of extracellular Ca²⁺ channels
B)closing of K⁺ channels
C)release of Ca²⁺ from endoplasmic reticulum
D)closing of Na⁺ channels

Question 57

Taste cells are modified neurons.

Question 58

What causes the release of neurotransmitter when bitter taste has stimulated a taste cell?

A)release of Ca²⁺ from endoplasmic reticulum
B)opening of extracellular Ca²⁺ channels
C)closing K⁺ channels
D)closing Na⁺ channels

Question 59

A given gustatory sensory neuron may be stimulated by more than one taste cell located in a number of different taste pores.

Question 60

Where on the cerebral cortex is taste information sent?

A)prefrontal cortex,postcentral gyrus,and insula
B)temporal lobe,precentral gyrus,and prefrontal cortex
C)thalamus,insula,and postcentral gyrus
D)medulla oblongata,insula,and thalamus

Question 61

The structures that function in equilibrium are known as the

A)vestibular apparatus.
B)cochlea.
C)bony labyrinth.
D)organ of Corti.

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear?

A)cochlea
B)utricle
C)semicircular canals
D)saccule

Question 63

Which of the special senses is most closely linked with the limbic system?

A)hearing
B)olfaction
C)taste
D)vision

Question 64

Vertigo occurs due to activation of the

A)utricle.
B)semicircular canals.
C)saccule.
D)cochlea.

Question 65

Inability to detect rotational acceleration occurs when the saccule is damaged.

Question 66

Each olfactory glomerulus receives input from several types of olfactory receptors.

Question 67

There are stones in the inner ear.

Question 68

What characteristic does the endolymph of the membranous labyrinth have that is unusual?

A)It is similar to the perilymph that surrounds the membranous labyrinth.
B)It has a higher than normal concentration of Na⁺.
C)It has a lower than normal concentration of Cl^-.
D)It has a higher than normal concentration of K⁺.

Question 69

Nodding your head up and down would stimulate receptors in the utricle.

Question 70

The opening of Na⁺/Ca²⁺ channels by cAMP produces a graded depolarization in the olfactory bulb.

Question 71

Otoliths are associated with the

A)crista ampullaris.
B)cupula.
C)macula.
D)semicircular canals.

Question 72

Which of the following is true of vestibular nystagmus?

A)It consists of involuntary oscillations of the eyes.
B)It may be a symptom of Ménière's disease.
C)It is loss of equilibrium.
D)All apply.

Question 73

What is the role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A)produce new bipolar receptor cells
B)to oxidize volatile hydrophobic odorant molecules to make them less soluble
C)to repair damaged receptor cells
D)to form basal stem cells

Question 74

Basal stem cells in the olfactory epithelium produce new olfactory receptors every one to two months.

Question 75

The cupula is part of the

A)semicircular canals.
B)utricle.
C)saccule.
D)cochlea.

Question 76

Olfactory receptors are coupled to

A)transducins.
B)Na⁺/Ca²⁺ channels directly.
C)G-proteins.
D)adenylate cyclase.

Question 77

As the endolymph in the semicircular canals bends the cupula,the stereocilia are stimulated.

Question 78

Which of the following is true of olfaction?

A)There may be as many as a 1000 different olfactory receptor proteins.
B)Humans can distinguish up to 10,000 different odors.
C)Humans have the most acute sense of smell of all the mammals.
D)All apply.

Question 79

Stimulation of the hair cells of the vestibular apparatus sends impulses to the cerebellum and _________ by way of the vestibulocochlear nerve.

A)cerebrum
B)midbrain
C)pons
D)medulla oblongata

Question 80

When stereocilia are bent toward the kinocilium,the cell membrane will be

A)hyperpolarized.
B)depolarized.
C)releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter.
D)Both depolarized and releasing increased amounts of neurotransmitter are correct.