Deck 7: Human Interaction

Question 1

A company with a headquarters in one country and subsidiary companies,factories,or other facilities in other countries is known as a

A)transnational corporation.
B)nongovernmental organization.
C)non-state actor.
D)cell.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Hierarchical diffusion of an innovation

A)is effectively halted by physical barriers.
B)involves the relocation of individuals.
C)takes place within organizations or systems of cities.
D)is effective only in highly authoritarian countries.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In contemporary North American society,an individual's activity space is primarily affected by their

A)stage in life,mobility,and opportunity.
B)income,sex,and ethnicity.
C)politics,religion,and nationality.
D)health,education,and employment.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

When a product or an idea disperses outward from a center of origin,the process is known as

A)the critical distance.
B)contagious diffusion.
C)the push factor.
D)hierarchical migration.

Question 5

During the 20^th Century,nearly all countries experienced

A)rural to urban migration.
B)suburbanization.
C)refugee displacements.
D)forced migration.

Question 6

A diffusion process that follows an S-shape curve indicates that the innovation

A)first spread slowly,then more rapidly until saturation occurred.
B)first had few adopters,then underwent an explosive pattern of growth.
C)was first adopted by people in large cities,then by those in lower-order centers.
D)was adopted in numbers corresponding to the population density.

Question 7

Maps of residential preferences created by people from different parts of Canada shared

A)a strong preference for Florida.
B)almost nothing in common.
C)a strong preference for their home region,wherever it happened to be.
D)an abrupt drop-off at the U.S.-Canada border.

Question 8

The value that an individual places on each known,potential migration site is called

A)return migration.
B)channelized migration.
C)place utility.
D)spatial search.

Question 9

As incomes rise,mobility tends to

A)decline.
B)rise.
C)stay about the same.
D)drop off sharply.

Question 10

Which one of the following is a push factor?

A)dissatisfaction with current job
B)high-paying jobs elsewhere
C)retirement community
D)pleasant climate

Question 11

The concept of territoriality refers to

A)topophilia.
B)activity space.
C)emotional attachment and defense of home ground.
D)the perception of opportunities and attractiveness.

Question 12

The graph of the cumulative number of adopters of an innovation versus time resembles

A)a S-shaped curve.
B)a J-shaped curve.
C)a bell-shaped curve.
D)a distance decay curve.

Question 13

Which one of the following is/are NOT a barrier to interaction?

A)political boundaries
B)cost
C)mountains
D)fiber optic cables

Question 14

Among the reasons for migrating,push factors

A)draw migrants to specific destinations.
B)reflect assessments of action space attraction.
C)affect international migration but not domestic relocation.
D)encourage relocation away from original residence areas.

Question 15

The concept of activity space is useful for better understanding that each human

A)has a territory with which he/she is most familiar.
B)is confined to a region within which he/she interacts with others.
C)has an exact schedule or routine that he/she carries out within a specified region.
D)is busy doing those things that he/she must in order to live happily.

Question 16

The age group in the U.S.that is most likely to move is

A)youth,10-14 years.
B)young adults 20-24 years.
C)empty nesters,50-59 years.
D)retirees,65-69 years.

Question 17

Distance decay implies that

A)long distances erode hierarchical diffusion.
B)short distances erode hierarchical diffusion.
C)short-distance interactions are more likely than long-distance interactions.
D)long-distance interactions are more likely than short-distance interactions.

Question 18

If a trend spreads first among the largest cities and only later appears in the smaller towns in between the large cities,it is called

A)distance interaction diffusion.
B)hierarchical diffusion.
C)psychological diffusion.
D)contagious diffusion.

Question 19

The most effective and usual means of accumulating information affecting spatial interaction is

A)library research.
B)face-to-face contact.
C)national magazines.
D)travel books.

Question 20

Beyond this point,the frequency of trips decreases rapidly.

A)distance decay
B)activity space
C)critical distance
D)territoriality

Question 21

Mental maps drawn by different people,depicting their own neighborhood will

A)reflect differences in their activity space.
B)resemble a thematic map.
C)show absolute locations.
D)demonstrate the concept of critical distance.

Question 22

Globalization is affected by all but which of the following?

A)global marketing
B)political integration
C)international banking
D)place utility integration

Question 23

Channelized migration

A)is an example of contagious diffusion.
B)is shaped by social,economic or affinity linkages between places.
C)no longer occurs due to telecommunications advances.
D)demonstrates the effects of distance decay.

Question 24

Which one of the following is considered a pull factor in regard to migration?

A)nomads fleeing famine and a spreading desert in the Sahel
B)high unemployment in Appalachia
C)amenities of living in Australia
D)persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany

Question 25

Human interaction does NOT include

A)Spatial interactions
B)Facebook and Twitter
C)Spreading of communicable diseases
D)Attending sporting events

Question 26

Areas that dominate a locale's in-and out-migration patterns constitute the

A)place utility of the area.
B)spatial search required.
C)channelized pattern of flow.
D)migration field.

Question 27

Which one of the following major recent international migration streams is correctly paired with its chief fundamental cause?

A)from Russia to Israel-drought
B)from the Sahel to southward in Africa-political
C)from Iraq to Lebanon,Syria,and Iran-war,terrorism
D)from Mexico to the United States-political

Question 28

Which of the following statements does NOT pertain to chain migration?

A)It may involve employment in an ethnic niche business.
B)It is shaped by networks of kinship and friendship.
C)It is typically involuntary.
D)The destination has been prepared by previous migration flows.

Question 29

The term diffusion refers to a pattern of

A)status.
B)critical distance.
C)movement.
D)place utility.

Question 30

The spread of the 1781 influenza outbreak across Europe is an example of a pattern referred to as

A)hierarchical diffusion.
B)contagious diffusion.
C)logistical diffusion.
D)prognostic diffusion.

Question 31

Spatial diffusion would most likely be used to explain the distribution of

A)land values.
B)severe storm activity.
C)a new technology.
D)climates.

Question 32

The claim of an area as home ground and the defensive measures taken to defend it have specific reference to the term

A)cognition.
B)homogeneity.
C)natural selection.
D)territoriality.

Question 33

Which of the following examples is an example of involuntary migration?

A)the migration of million Africans to the Western Hemisphere in the late 16^th through early 19^th Centuries
B)the migration of elderly Americans to the Sun Belt
C)migrations motivated by the positive place utility of the destination
D)migrations motivated by powerful pull factors

Question 34

The tendency for some migrations to fail leads to

A)hierarchical migration.
B)spatial search migration.
C)channelized migration.
D)countermigration.

Question 35

The area in which people move about and carry on their daily activities is known as

A)territoriality.
B)activity space.
C)cognition.
D)the area of critical mobility.

Question 36

Barriers to interaction do NOT include

A)Transportation centers
B)Language differences
C)Cost
D)Distance

Question 37

The spread of Wal-Mart in the United States is an example of

A)relocation diffusion.
B)contagious diffusion.
C)activity space.
D)innovation decay.

Question 38

In North America,

A)women's journey to work trips is now the same length as those of men.
B)non-work trips are longer than work trips.
C)women's journey to work trips tends to be shorter than men's because of their greater family responsibilities.
D)journey to work trip times decreased in the 1990s as jobs moved to the suburbs closer to where people lived.

Question 39

Determination of the critical distance can be affected by

A)health,education,and welfare.
B)innovation,diffusion,and acculturation.
C)cost,effort,and time.
D)age,sex,and ethnicity.

Question 40

Rural to urban migration in Third World countries frequently reflects

A)governmental travel subsidies and encouragement.
B)advertising campaigns of labor-short industries.
C)increased availability of job and housing information.
D)misperceptions and misinformation.

Question 41

What push and pull factors were most important in shaping the migration patterns within the United States during the 1990s?

Question 42

The migration patterns of persons displaced by Hurricane Katrina did not show the effects of distance decay.

Question 43

Current migration paths in the United States clearly show channelized movement.

Question 44

Migration decisions most realistically are viewed as the outcome of both push and pull influences.

Question 45

New inventions and innovations are usually the result of isolated contemplation.

Question 46

We form place opinions and perceptions only on the basis of personal experience.

Question 47

What is the term that refers to the spread of a culture trait from its place of origin to new areas?

Question 48

Because it is such a recent phenomenon,the telecommunications revolution has had limited effect on spatial interaction patterns.

Question 49

Chain migration involves the place transition from,for example,rural to central city residence through a series of less extreme locational changes,from farm to small town to suburb,and finally to the major central city itself.

Question 50

Practices and objects can undergo spatial diffusion but not ideas and values.

Question 51

The telecommunications revolution promotes space-time and space-cost convergence.

Question 52

People with limited knowledge of opportunities elsewhere are more apt to migrate than are those in full possession of detailed place utility data.

Question 53

What is the term that refers to migration that shows biases towards particular destinations?

Question 54

Most migration decisions are based upon assessments of alternate economic opportunities.

Question 55

What is the concept that refers to a gradual decrease in influence with increasing separation?

Question 56

What is the type of migration that involves movement from one area to another in which people have family and friendship links?

Question 57

Hierarchical diffusion is flow from larger to smaller centers; hierarchical migration is movement from smaller to larger centers.

Question 58

Spatial diffusion declines rapidly with distance.With migration behavior,one expects places close to one another to have a greater rate of migration than places far from one another.

Question 59

People's perception of the world usually tends to exaggerate the importance of nearby areas.

Question 60

Activity spaces are visible on one's mental map.

Question 61

Discuss how distance decay affects spatial interactions in your own life.

Question 62

Describe and illustrate how telecommunications advances are reducing the friction of distance.

Question 63

Discuss how globalization has led to more intense spatial interactions.

Question 64

What is psychological distance? Illustrate with an example.

Question 65

Explain how migration is an agent of diffusion.

Question 66

List and describe several examples of involuntary migrations

Question 67

Describe three or four important considerations or constraints on the decision to migrate.How might these differentially influence (a)an unemployed young male Mexican; (b)a retired Midwestern farm couple; (c)an unemployed heavy-equipment operator?

Question 68

How and why does an individual's mental map of the world change from childhood to adult years? Speculate on the impact of those changes on spatial behavior.

Question 69

Think of your own experience with a city or metropolitan area (other than the one in which you live).Discuss the ways in which you may have developed a false perception and distorted mental map of that city or metropolitan area.

Question 70

In what ways can territoriality be a positive force for good and in what ways can it become a negative force in the world?

Question 71

List and explain at least four barriers to migration.

Question 72

Offer evidence of the increased economic,political and cultural integration of the world.

Question 73

What is territoriality?

Question 74

Employing the concepts of contagious diffusion,hierarchical diffusion,and barriers to diffusion,briefly comment on the likely diffusion process involved in acceptance of; (a)a new fashion design from Paris; and (b)a new action toy for children.