Deck 6: Motivation: Organizational Applications

Question 1

It is generally accepted that best practice is to eliminate individual rewards in favor of group-based systems.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In the ABC operant mode,A designates the antecedent,B is the behavior,while C is the consequence.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Managers can influence worker motivation.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

BSM is a variant of OBM.

Question 5

In essence,behavioral self-management suggests that there are times when individuals will choose behaviors that they have not chosen consistently in the past,and this selection may be based on the expectation of positive outcomes in the future from this course of action.

Question 6

Satisfaction with rewards is a function of the amount of the reward and the individual's perception of how much should be received.

Question 7

Jane was recognized by her former supervisor for bringing in fresh flowers for her office daily.Her new supervisor does not acknowledge the flowers and Jane stops bringing them.This may be an example of extinction.

Question 8

Status is considered an interpersonal reward.

Question 9

An example of negative reinforcement would be a professor assigning a penalty for late work.

Question 10

Self-efficacy has three dimensions: magnitude,strength,and ability.

Question 11

Research definitively establishes that participation in goal setting leads to increased commitment and performance.

Question 12

Extremely difficult goals typically always result in better performance than moderately difficult ones.

Question 13

Pat,an elementary school teacher,has been told several of her students are gifted.These students,while actually no more capable than the rest,perform better than the others in the class.This may be an example of the Pygmalion effect.

Question 14

Within the concept of operant conditioning,positive reinforces could include items such as raises,bonuses,or promotions but not less tangible things such as praise or encouragement.

Question 15

Locke described the attributes of the mental (cognitive)processes of goal setting.The attributes he highlighted are goal specificity,goal difficulty,and goal intensity.

Question 16

The ability to start and finish a project or job is important to some individuals and as such is considered an intrinsic reward.

Question 17

A consequence is considered negative reinforcement only if its removal after a response increases the performance of that response.

Question 18

Goal setting works well for simple jobs but not for complex jobs.

Question 19

Operant conditioning principles is also referred to as B-mod.

Question 20

The primary difference between "learning" and "social learning" is that learning results in a relatively enduring change while social learning does not.

Question 21

The cooling effect of turning on the air conditioner in a stifling hot car is an example of ___________.

A)punishment
B)extinction
C)negative reinforcement
D)reward

Question 22

Punishment may be a poor approach to learning for because ____________.

A)the results of reward aren't as predictable as those of punishment
B)the effects of punishment are less permanent than those of reward
C)punishment is frequently accompanied by positive attitudes toward the administrator of the punishment
D)None of the above

Question 23

Organizational commitment typically grows best out of extrinsic reward systems.

Question 24

A popular bumper sticker states "the beatings will continue until moral improves." Applying the concepts of operant conditioning,the opportunity to stop the beatings if a desired behavior is exhibited would be considered ___________.

A)punishment
B)extinction
C)negative reinforcement
D)reward

Question 25

"Schmorgesborg" plans,typically increase employee commitment as management establishes a menu and places no upper limit on how much the organization is willing to spend on fringe benefits.

Question 26

Most people will readily attempt a job or task,even if they expect to be ineffective.

Question 27

When a child misbehaves in a toy store,his parent buys her a toy.This may be an example of ___________.

A)negative reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)punishment
D)extinction

Question 28

Research is inconclusive concerning the independent and additive effect of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on motivation.

Question 29

Behavior modification is individual learning by exception.

Question 30

___________ refers to the fact that we acquire much of our behavior by observation and imitation of others in a social context.

A)Operant learning
B)Observational learning
C)Social learning
D)Social isomorphing

Question 31

Intrinsic rewards are important for developing organizational commitment.

Question 32

A supervisor is given 10 new employees with identical work histories.The supervisor is told that that three particular individuals have a history of superior work.These individuals do in fact exhibit superior performance for the supervisor.This may be an example of ___________.

A)the Skinner effect
B)the Pygmalion effect
C)the expectation principle
D)Polygon principle

Question 33

A boss shouting at an employee over a late report is an example of ___________.

A)punishment
B)extinction
C)negative reinforcement
D)None of the above

Question 34

___________ is an undesirable consequence of a particular behavior.

A)Punishment
B)Extinction
C)Negative reinforcement
D)None of the above

Question 35

In gainsharing,a portion of the gains or rewards are shared with all members of the gainsharing unit,not just individuals directly associated with the gain.

Question 36

Self-efficacy has three dimensions: ___________.

A)magnitude,strength,generality
B)magnitude,ability,generality
C)scope,strength and similarity
D)scope,effectiveness and similarity

Question 37

For some employees,goal accomplishment can become an obsession.

Question 38

BigCo has implemented a system so employees may "gain" more pay by learning more job related skills.This is an example of a "gainsharing" program.

Question 39

Learning is one of the fundamental processes underlying behavior.

Question 40

__________ is an operant approach to organizational behavior.

A)Organizational behavior modification
B)OBM
C)OB Mod
D)All of the above

Question 41

Which of the following is not one of the main objectives of reward programs?

A)To attract qualified people to join the organization.
B)To keep employees coming to work.
C)To motivate employees to achieve high levels of performance.
D)None of the above.

Question 42

An assembly-line worker may believe that by behaving in a certain way she'll get certain things.This is a description of ___________.

A)an OBM expectancy
B)the performance-outcome expectancy
C)POM
D)achievement-accomplishment expectancy

Question 43

Examples of extrinsic rewards include all of the following characteristics of a job except ___________.

A)fringe benefits
B)pay
C)promotion
D)responsibility

Question 44

Using a cafeteria-style plan offers some distinct advantages,these include all of the following except: ___________.

A)it allows employees to play an active rather than a passive role in deciding on the allocation of fringe benefits
B)employees receive the benefits of greatest personal value to them
C)lower administrative costs
D)the cafeteria-style plan makes the economic value of fringe benefits obvious to each employee

Question 45

The primary difference between the Scanlon and Rucker Plan

A)Scanlon Plans are based on total costs and Rucker Plans
B)Scanlon Plans do not attempt to account for inflation while Rucker Plans
C)Scanlon Plans attempt to account for inflation while Rucker Plans
D)Scanlon Plans most appropriate for service sector jobs while Rucker Plans

Question 46

BigCo is implementing a system where any savings resulting from an increase in output in fewer than expected hours are shared between the organization and the employee group on the basis of a preestablished formula.This is an example of a(n)___________.

A)Scanlon Plan
B)Rucker Plan
C)Improshare
D)Profit sharing

Question 47

According to Lawler,satisfaction with a reward is a function of ___________.

A)how much is received
B)how much the individual feels should be received
C)A and B
D)None of the above

Question 48

In the United States,organizations typically spend _____ percent of their total compensation amount on employee benefits.

A)5-15
B)15-35
C)35-40
D)over 40

Question 49

Commitment to an organization involves three attitudes: ___________.

A)a sense of identification with the expected performance,a perception of the ability to accomplish the behavior and an identification with the rewards associated with the behavior
B)a sense of identification with the individual rewards offered,a feeling of involvement in setting those goals and a commitment to achieve the goals
C)a sense of identification with the organization's goals,a feeling of involvement in organizational duties,and a feeling of loyalty for the organization
D)an identification with organizational goals,commitment to these goals and an altruistic outlook

Question 50

In __________ inflationary effects are roughly accounted for because increased sales value of goods is offset by the increased material and supply costs.

A)a Scanlon Plan
B)a Rucker Plan
C)Improshare
D)Profit sharing

Question 51

A supervisor describes her employee as having an intense sense of identification with the organization's goals and her strong feelings of involvement in organizational duties.The supervisor is most likely discussing the employee's ___________.

A)commitment level
B)collateral motivation
C)organizational self-assurance
D)None of the above

Question 52

Examples of intrinsic benefits include all of the following characteristics of a job except ___________.

A)challenge
B)personal growth
C)fringe benefits
D)responsibility

Question 53

Administrative problems are associated with cafeteria plans include all of the following except ___________.

A)increased complexity in recording keeping
B)increased difficulty in projecting benefit costs
C)a virtual necessity to large organizations to use computerized record keeping systems
D)None of the above

Question 54

The stages of the Kanfer model of self-regulation are ___________.

A)self-monitoring,self-evaluation and self-reinforcement
B)determination of the magnitude of the situation,determine the strength of the needed response,determine the generality of the solution
C)determine antecedents,determine appropriate behaviors,and determine consequence
D)None of the above

Question 55

Arguments against using goal setting or becoming too enthusiastic about it include ___________.

A)that it may encourage game playing
B)that goal accomplishment can become an obsession
C)that goal setting does not work well for complex jobs
D)All of the above

Question 56

One study of corporate business units determined that a ______ difference in pay between lower-level employees and upper echelon managers is associated with high product quality.

A)small
B)moderate
C)large
D)There is no relation between pay difference and quality.

Question 57

In __________,a person is assumed to have some control over her behavior,cognitive processes,and contingent consequences.

A)social isomorphism
B)BSM
C)OBM
D)BBM

Question 58

Benefits of skill-based pay include all of the following except ___________.

A)a more highly skilled and flexible workforce
B)a likely increase in productivity
C)a likely decrease in supervisory cost
D)decreased pay levels

Question 59

Behavior modification is based on the assumption that _________ is more important than its ___________.

A)a work outcome,ethical grounding
B)psychological causes,associated behavior
C)behavior,psychological causes
D)reinforcement,opposite extinction

Question 60

Interpersonal rewards are ________________ rewards such as receiving recognition or being able to interact socially on the job.

A)nontraditional
B)peripheral
C)extrinsic
D)intrinsic

Question 61

Discuss the criticisms of behavior modification.

Question 62

Summarize Lawer's conclusions regarding individual satisfaction with rewards.

Question 63

The idea that the consequences of behavior-reward or punishment-are critical in determining future behavior remains an important foundation for the use of operant conditioning in organizational settings.Use the terms of the theory to describe these consequences and provide an example of each.

Question 64

Goal setting is not without its critics.What cautions would you give an organization considering implementing a goal setting program?

Question 65

All of the following are considered intrinsic rewards except:

A)a promotion
B)achievement
C)autonomy
D)personal growth

Question 66

Banking time off is associated specifically with which of the following gainsharing plans?

A)Improshare
B)Rucker Plan
C)Scanlon Plan
D)None of the above

Question 67

A qualified ________ must provide a definite predetermined formula for allocating the contributions made to the plan among the participants and for distributing the funds accumulated under the plan after a fixed number of years,after the attainment of a stated age,or upon the prior occurrence of some event,such as layoff,disability,retirement,or severance of employment.

A)Scanlon Plan
B)Rucker Plan
C)Improshare
D)Profit sharing plan

Question 68

Does a difficult goal typically lead to better performance than an easier one? If so,should managers set goals so difficult that they most likely cannot be achieved? Provide an organizational example to justify your response.

Question 69

The problem of "topping out" is typically associated with which of the following reward systems?

A)Skill-based pay
B)Flexible benefits
C)Gain sharing
D)Job-based pay

Question 70

Locke proposed that goal setting was a(n)____________________ process of some practical utility.

A)inventive
B)investigative
C)subconscious
D)cognitive

Question 71

Support or refute the statement BSM is simply a variant of OBM.

Question 72

One of the nine conclusions regarding motivation presented in the text is that management can influence motivation.List four more of these conclusions regarding motivation.

Question 73

Locke highlighted three attributes of the cognitive process of goal setting.Describe these attributes.

Question 74

Punishment is ____________________ accompanied by negative attitudes toward the activity that led to the punishment.

A)always
B)seldom
C)frequently
D)never

Question 75

The Bandura-inspired view of behavior is that it is a function of both personal characteristics and ____________________ conditions.

A)environmental
B)organizational
C)political
D)sociological

Question 76

____________________ primarily addresses the relationship between attitudes toward inputs,outcomes,and practices.

A)Content theory
B)Equity theory
C)Process theory
D)Expectancy theory

Question 77

Banking time off refers to the practice of ___________.

A)"cashing in" or exchanging allocated time off for additional pay while working
B)allowing employees to build up time off credits for such behaviors as good performance or attendance
C)the general practice of carrying unused vacation time from one year to another
D)a budget process used to determine pay outs under a Scanlon Plan

Question 78

What are the three main objectives of a reward system?

Question 79

Describe the research concerning the impact of participation on goal commitment and performance.

Question 80

Which of the following is not a traditional form of gainsharing?

A)Improshare
B)Rucker Plan
C)Scanlon Plan
D)Skinner Plan