Deck 7: Geographies of Economic Development

Question 1

China makes most of the world's

A) toys.
B) cars.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Countries with economies especially dependent on nonfuel minerals are more generally found in the

A) periphery.
B) core.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A country's level of economic development is most commonly measured by

A) GDP and GNI.
B) HDI and GEI.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The elasticity of demand is higher for

A) computers and cell phones.
B) coffee and cocoa beans.

Question 5

The world's leading exporter of outsourced service activities is

A) India.
B) Mexico.

Question 6

Quaternary economic activities are most prevalent in the

A) core.
B) periphery.

Question 7

Countries like Burkina Faso,Bolivia,Malawi,Ghana,and Samoa that barely contribute to the world economy's flow of imports and exports exhibit a high degree of

A) autarky.
B) dependence.

Question 8

Typically,traditional international outsourcing in the tertiary sector involves

A) routine producers.
B) symbolic analysts.

Question 9

The economic integration of the world-system is reflected in the great growth of global

A) trade.
B) production.

Question 10

In the world's core,producing ________ is most important for economic well-being.

A) knowledge
B) physical goods

Question 11

Much of China's manufacturing growth is due to

A) import substitution.
B) initial advantage.

Question 12

NICs are known for

A) manufacturing and EPZs.
B) mining and OECDs.

Question 13

The primary sector of the economy includes

A) mining.
B) manufacturing.

Question 14

Fundamentally,________ is a strategy for poverty alleviation and sustainable development.

A) Fair Trade
B) Free Trade

Question 15

1)5 billion people in the global periphery depend on ________ as their primary source of energy.

A) fuelwood
B) hydropower

Question 16

NICs are countries that have moved to the semiperiphery from the

A) periphery.
B) core.

Question 17

The biggest market for Fair Trade products in the world is

A) Britain.
B) Scandinavia.

Question 18

The withdrawal of investments from low-yielding activities and regions to other,higher yielding activities and regions is known as

A) creative destruction.
B) cumulative causation.

Question 19

Just-in-time production relies upon

A) vertical integration.
B) import substitution.

Question 20

Sharing a pool of labour with special skills and experience is characteristic of a

A) localization economy.
B) flexible production system.

Question 21

The largest sector in core economies is the tertiary sector; activities in this sector include

A) agricultural production built around corn, wheat and beef.
B) manufacturing industries built around steel, transportation and military equipment.
C) grocery stores and other retail and wholesale sales, legal services & entertainment.
D) all of the above
E) both A and B

Question 22

Basic principles of commercial and industrial location are based on

A) access to inputs.
B) proximity to markets.
C) the availability of labour.
D) processing costs.
E) all of the above

Question 23

In the context of economic development over the last 30 years,regional inequality across the globe

A) has declined with increased globalization.
B) has increased with increasing globalization.
C) has not worsened in countries like the United States and Scandinavia.
D) is not evident in peripheral countries.
E) is not evident in core countries.

Question 24

The ability of a country to explore and exploit its resources is based on all but which of the following?

A) the value of its resources
B) technological innovations in the country and around the world
C) the political situation in that country
D) economic conditions in that country
E) All of the above factors determine a country's ability to exploit its resources.

Question 25

One measure of the biologically productive area needed to provide the resources and absorb the waste of a region or country is its

A) ecological footprint.
B) carrying capacity.

Question 26

As explained by Gunnar Myrdal,the ________ in one region causes backwash effects in another.

A) process of cumulative causation
B) spiral of deindustrialization

Question 27

With the exception of some oil-rich economies,countries with large primary sectors of the economy have GDPs/capita ________ countries with large tertiary sectors.

A) higher than
B) lower than
C) quite similar to
D) sometimes higher/sometimes lower than - cannot generalize
E) all of the above

Question 28

The cost advantages that manufacturers get from high-volume production are known as

A) economies of scale.
B) economic development.
C) spatial diffusion.
D) spatial economies.
E) agglomeration economies.

Question 29

Eco- and alternative tourism are part of what some people are now starting to see as the most recent phase in the progression of economic organization - the production of

A) experiences & memories.
B) personalized goods and services.

Question 30

Which of the following would one expect to find in a peripheral country with a large primary sector?

A) coffee and cocoa bean trees
B) coffee roasting and chocolate-making factories
C) coffee shops, espresso bars, and chocolate specialty stores
D) research and development on how to make imitation coffee and chocolate flavours
E) barista courses offered by a local university

Question 31

A large proportion of the world's key industrial resources (basic raw materials)are concentrated in Russia,the United States,Canada,South Africa,and ________.

A) Japan
B) China
C) Australia
D) France
E) Brazil

Question 32

Your text characterizes homogeneous and conglomerate retail chains like Wal-Mart and McDonald's that have replaced diverse and thriving town centers as the economic equivalent of

A) invasive species - voracious, indiscriminate and antisocial.
B) a Clint Eastwood character - good, bad and ugly.

Question 33

In the globalization and industrialization of the world economy,"back office" functions are

A) decentralizing away from core areas.
B) concentrating in core and metropolitan areas.

Question 34

The International Labour Organization criticizes these "vehicles of globalization" for their lack of meaningful links to their surrounding domestic economies and because they trap people in low-wage and low-skill jobs.

A) EPZs
B) TNCs

Question 35

In the world-system,highest levels of per capita GDP are found in economies where the tertiary and quaternary sectors dominate the workforce.These economies are known as

A) industrial.
B) nonindustrial.
C) postindustrial.
D) sustainable.
E) newly industrialized.

Question 36

China's current power in the global economy is based on an economic reorientation started in the 1980s and based on

A) private entrepreneurship and market mechanisms.
B) efficient central planning and collectivization.

Question 37

Economic development that meets the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs is the classic definition for

A) carrying capacity.
B) ecological footprint.
C) sustainable development.
D) Reaganomics.
E) the Human Development Index.

Question 38

To most equitably compare the relative levels of economic development of different countries,and to adjust for their different currencies,it is best to use

A) Gross Domestic Product.
B) Gross Domestic Product per capita.
C) Gross National Income per capita.
D) Purchasing Power Parity.
E) Doubling Time.

Question 39

The countries with the most autarky in the world-system are found in the

A) core.
B) periphery.

Question 40

Among radical development theorists,________ is/are believed to impose misery and failure.

A) International Monetary Fund
B) localization economies

Question 41

Creative destruction refers to the

A) withdrawal of investment from low-profit areas and activities for reinvestment in high-profit ones.
B) conversion and remodeling of old, decaying buildings into modern art facilities.
C) artistically destroying and knocking down old buildings and areas for new development.
D) removal of materials from old facilities for use in new construction to maintain links between old and new.
E) re-investment into low-profit areas.

Question 42

"Dependency" for peripheral countries means that they are dependent on core countries for demand,investment,technology,and ________.

A) folk singers
B) labour
C) entertainers
D) stamps
E) imports

Question 43

The process of cumulative causation in an area drains all but ________ from surrounding areas.

A) entrepreneurial talent
B) labour
C) investment capital
D) infrastructure
E) water

Question 44

According to Andre Gunder Frank's "dependency theory" the development and prosperity of the world's core was based on the ________ of the periphery.

A) development
B) underdevelopment
C) backwardness
D) traditionalism
E) economic prosperity

Question 45

Countries with a high proportion of economic self-sufficiency or independence from the world-system,that do not contribute significantly to the world economy in terms of imports and exports,are

A) autarkies.
B) anarchies.
C) oligarchies.
D) hegemonies.
E) neo-Fordists.

Question 46

The spiral of economic growth and advantage that emerges as external economies,agglomeration and localization economies develop in a place is called

A) cumulative causation.
B) creative destruction.
C) neo-Fordism.
D) flexible production.
E) Reaganomics.

Question 47

In the world's major core economies,the production and distribution of ________ has become the most important contributor to gross domestic product.

A) manufactured goods
B) knowledge
C) energy
D) food
E) computers

Question 48

NICs are best exemplified by

A) Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Samoa, and Tanzania.
B) Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Latvia, Ukraine, and Yugoslavia.
C) Canada, Finland, Russia, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
D) China, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, Thailand, India, and Indonesia.
E) Amsterdam, New York, Tokyo, London, Moscow, and Beijing.

Question 49

The spiral of cumulative causation in core regions and countries is linked to

A) import substitution in the periphery.
B) backwash effects in the periphery.
C) spread effects from the periphery.
D) agglomeration diseconomies in the periphery.
E) infrastructure in the core.

Question 50

The cost savings and/or advantages that individual firms get when they are located in the same area as other firms of the same industry is known as a(n)________ economy.

A) remittance
B) external
C) ancillary
D) localization
E) deindustrialization

Question 51

The world-system's autarkic countries include

A) Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Samoa, and Tanzania.
B) Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Latvia, Slovenia, and Yugoslavia.
C) Canada, Finland, Russia, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
D) China, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico, Taiwan, India, and Argentina.
E) Amsterdam, New York, Tokyo, London, Moscow, and Beijing.

Question 52

The debt crisis refers to

A) the high debt service many peripheral countries must pay on international loans.
B) the increasing debt service that banks are unable to collect from students and credit card holders.
C) the loans that entrepreneurs in core countries are unable to get from investment banks.
D) the difficulty core countries have in balancing their budgets.
E) the increasing number of bankruptcies occurring in core countries.

Question 53

Growing sugar beets for sugar,as an alternative to importing sugar made from sugar cane,is an example of

A) import substitution.
B) a quaternary sector activity.
C) flexible production.
D) vertical disintegration.
E) deindustrialization.

Question 54

Creative destruction refers to the withdrawal of ________ from declining areas and activities for use in new areas and activities.

A) capital
B) building materials
C) culture
D) political ideas
E) creativity

Question 55

Schools,roads,railroads,hospitals,retail outlets,recreational and cultural opportunities,social services and the entire framework of support services and amenities in a city or region is known as its

A) infrastructure.
B) initial advantage.
C) spread effects.
D) ancillary activities.
E) ecological footprint.

Question 56

The spiral of cumulative causation in peripheral regions and countries is assisted by

A) import substitution in the core.
B) backwash effects from the core.
C) spread effects from the core.
D) agglomeration diseconomies in the core.
E) both C and D

Question 57

According to Nobel prize-winning economist Gunnar Myrdal,cumulative causation and the spiral of local economic growth in one area tends to cause negative impacts in others called

A) backwash effects.
B) agglomeration diseconomies.
C) deindustrialization.
D) spread effects.
E) external economies.

Question 58

Core-periphery patterns are modified by

A) deindustrialization.
B) creative destruction.
C) government intervention.
D) innovations in transport and communication.
E) all of the above

Question 59

Import substitution is an important strategy for economic growth because

A) domestic (local) production is supported.
B) all imports are able to compete on a level playing field.
C) consumers pay less for imported goods.
D) import processing zones function as engines of economic development.
E) it increases the reliance of peripheral countries on core ones.

Question 60

W.W.Rostow's model of economic development encourages the perception that every country is striving for and moving toward

A) high mass consumption.
B) post-industrialism.
C) socialism.
D) economic self-sufficiency.
E) democracy.

Question 61

Growth poles

A) work as part of government policies to encourage cumulative causation.
B) emerge through the forces of supply and demand.
C) succeed based on the concept of comparative advantage.
D) rely on the international division of labour.
E) are a consequence of core-periphery relations.

Question 62

Offshore financial centers are designed to attract

A) export-oriented industries.
B) propulsive industries.
C) foreign aid.
D) secret, tax-sheltered monies.
E) maquiladoras.

Question 63

Maquiladoras (manufacturing firms that import components for assembly and re-export)are found

A) in Mexico, clustered near the U.S. border.
B) in Canada, clustered in and around Quebec.
C) throughout Spanish-speaking communities of North America.
D) throughout the world's periphery.
E) in the Philippines, in export-processing zones.

Question 64

The vast majority of workers in maquiladoras and Export Processing Zones are

A) children.
B) women.
C) men.
D) the elderly.
E) people of African descent.

Question 65

Countries establish Export Processing Zones (EPZs)to attract

A) export-oriented industries.
B) propulsive industries.
C) foreign aid.
D) secret, tax-sheltered monies.
E) maquiladoras.

Question 66

Flexible production,distribution and marketing systems are specifically associated with

A) Fordism.
B) Neo-Fordism.
C) Reaganomics.
D) maquiladoras.
E) the trickle-down theory.

Question 67

The global assembly line refers to consumer goods that are made

A) with raw materials, components, labor, and manufacture from around the world.
B) in one country and designed to be marketed and sold around the world.
C) with capital invested by people, businesses and banks from around the world.
D) with the goal of employing as many people in the periphery as possible.
E) in factories that are sited on both sides of an international border.

Question 68

Which of the following countries has the smallest amount of raw materials and sources of energy?

A) United States
B) Canada
C) Russia
D) Japan
E) Australia

Question 69

The world's largest non-agricultural employer(s)is (are)

A) tourism.
B) General Motors.
C) export processing zones.
D) maquiladoras.
E) the global office.

Question 70

Of the following,which are properly considered "propulsive industries"?

A) department and grocery stores
B) local mom and pop businesses
C) shipbuilding and automobile manufacturing plants
D) community libraries and hospitals
E) nail and tanning salons

Question 71

__________ have contributed to deindustrialization in the Manufacturing Belt and its corrosion into the Rust Belt.

A) Maquiladoras in Mexico
B) Export processing zones (EPZs) in labour-cheap parts of the world
C) New and high-tech industries in the Sunbelt
D) Pressures within Midwestern industries to reduce labour costs
E) All of the above

Question 72

Transnational companies are those that are involved in

A) international trade.
B) production in multiple countries.
C) manufacturing in multiple countries.
D) foreign sales and marketing in numerous countries.
E) all of the above

Question 73

The term "Third World"

A) has been in use since the Age of Exploration.
B) is a Cold War term referring to the periphery.
C) is used for countries that practice neither capitalism or socialism.
D) refers to the world's politically neutral countries.
E) refers to those countries that are neither in the North nor the South.

Question 74

Manufacturing based on assembly line techniques and high wages,and reliant upon mass consumption,is known as

A) Fordism.
B) Toyotaism.
C) Reaganomics.
D) Chryslerism.
E) just-in-time manufacturing.

Question 75

Places of economic activity organized around one or more high-growth industries are known as

A) growth poles.
B) north poles.
C) economic poles.
D) industrial poles.
E) government poles.

Question 76

Most foreign investment in China comes from

A) East Asia.
B) Europe.
C) North America.
D) the Middle East.
E) South America.

Question 77

One of the huge benefits of just-in-time production is that the need for ________ is eliminated.

A) large inventories
B) labour
C) advertising
D) working overtime
E) understanding cultural differences

Question 78

Technology systems

A) contain interrelated transportation, production, and energy technologies.
B) tend to last for several decades.
C) are eventually replaced by more sophisticated systems.
D) shift the balance of advantages between regions.
E) all of the above

Question 79

Governments establish propulsive industries to promote

A) regional economic development.
B) economic growth in existing manufacturing centres.
C) primary sector growth.
D) local health, education and welfare.
E) Aboriginal labour relations.

Question 80

Which of the following gives the most accurate measure of relative economic prosperity?

A) purchasing power parity
B) GDP per capita
C) GNP per capita
D) national income
E) national debt