Deck 18: Humanistic Third-Forcepsychology

Question 1

Husserl's phenomenology soon expanded into:

A)humanism
B)cognitive socialism
C)existentialism
D)analytic ontology

Answer 1

existentialism

Question 2

The contention that mental acts always referred to objects or events outside of themselves defined Brentano's concept of:

A)phenomenology
B)intentionality
C)ontology
D)pure phenomenology

Answer 2

intentionality

Question 3

According to the third-force psychologists,the most important cause of human behavior is:

A)objective reality
B)repressed memories
C)subjective reality
D)neurophysiological events

Answer 3

subjective reality

Question 4

For Binswanger,the way an individual views and embraces the world and through which one lives one's life is called:

A)world-design
B)ground of existence
C)thrownness
D)being-beyond-the-world

Question 5

For the third-force psychologists,what was missing and what they sought was:

A)the environmental causes of behavior
B)the conditions that make healthy people healthier
C)the unconscious motives for human behavior
D)cures for mental illness

Question 6

In order for psychology to qualify as humanistic,it must:

A)study things of concern to humans
B)seek to improve the human condition
C)view humans as unique organisms capable of pondering their existence and giving it meaning
D)accept the continuity between human and nonhuman animals

Question 7

According to Heidegger,an inauthentic life results whenever one:

A)gives up his or her freedom and lives according to the dictates of others
B)does not accept traditional values
C)refuses to affiliate himself or herself with an organized religion
D)more than one of these choices

Question 8

Husserl's ____ studied the processes of the mind independent of the physical world.Its purpose was to discover the essence of conscious experience;basically it involved the person turned inward.

A)intentionality
B)pure phenomenology
C)ontology
D)Dasein

Question 9

Heidegger said we come into conditions of our lives over which we have no control,such as male or female,rich or poor,our nationality.This he called:

A)frustration
B)thrownness
C)Dasein
D)inauthenticity

Question 10

Heidegger used the term ____ to indicate that a person and the world were inseparable.

A)thrownness
B)Eigenwelt
C)Mitwelt
D)Dasein

Question 11

Heidegger believed that when individuals exercised their freedom,they experienced ____,and if they did not,they experienced ____.

A)excitement;boredom
B)guilt;anxiety
C)anxiety;guilt
D)neurotic anxiety;moral anxiety

Question 12

For Heidegger,freedom and ____ went hand in hand.

A)anxiety
B)guilt
C)responsibility
D)both anxiety and responsibility

Question 13

All of the following were antecedents of third-force psychology except:

A)psychoanalysis
B)romanticism
C)existentialism
D)early Greek philosophy

Question 14

The goal of Husserl's pure phenomenology was to:

A)study the mind turned outward
B)catalog all of the mental acts and processes by which we interact with environmental objects and events
C)verify Brentano's concept of intentionality
D)explore the meaning of human existence

Question 15

According to Heidegger,to live an authentic life,one must first:

A)realize that one's life is finite
B)recognize the continuity between humans and nonhuman animals
C)realize that although the body dies,the soul continues to live
D)be willing to accept the mores of one's society

Question 16

Third-force psychology contrasts with most other types of psychology because

A)it does not assume determinism in explaining behavior
B)it assumes people are free to choose their own type of existence
C)it proposes that the most important cause of behavior is subjective reality
D)all of these choices

Question 17

____ is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence or being.

A)Phenomenology
B)Dasein
C)Ontology
D)Humanism

Question 18

Of prime importance to Husserl was that phenomenology:

A)not be used
B)be equated with intentionality
C)be free of any preconceptions
D)be used to examine only the mind turned inward

Question 19

Traditionally,the beginning of existential psychology is marked with the writings of:

A)Kierkegaard
B)Husserl
C)Nietzche
D)both Kierkegaard and Nietzche

Question 20

In general,phenomenology refers to any methodology that studies:

A)conscious experience
B)conscious experience as it occurs without attempting to reduce it to its component parts
C)afterimages and illusions
D)the essence of conscious experience

Question 21

According to May,exercising one's freedom means all of the following except:

A)going beyond what one previously was
B)ignoring the expectations for one's behavior that others impose
C)sometimes acting contrary to traditions,mores,or conventions
D)experiencing guilt

Question 22

For Kelly,both scientific theories and construct systems:

A)provide frameworks for psychotherapy
B)are fictional constructs
C)predict future events
D)both provide frameworks for psychotherapy and predict future events

Question 23

Myths serve several functions.Which of the following is not a function?

A)provide a sense of identity
B)provide a means of dealing with the mysteries of creation
C)support our moral values
D)provide a sense of strong independence

Question 24

When a person accepts values dictated by society (not those personally attained)as their own,he or she is experiencing:

A)the human dilemma
B)a life of social meaning
C)constructive alternativism
D)self-alienation

Question 25

All of the following occurred in Kelly's brand of psychotherapy except:

A)the client was encouraged to respond to the therapist as if he or she was a significant person in the client's life
B)the client was given a role to play
C)the therapist played the part of a supporting actor
D)the client wrote a self-characterization

Question 26

According to May,____ is at the heart of many myths and of most great art and literature.

A)the tension between free will and determinism
B)the tension between individual and group needs
C)the daimonic
D)religion

Question 27

May refers to the fact that humans are both the objects and subjects of experience as the:

A)existential conflict
B)human dilemma
C)source of all human problems
D)mind-body problem

Question 28

Kelly believed that the major goal of scientists and nonscientists was the same,and that was to:

A)be parsimonious
B)reduce uncertainty
C)define abstract concepts operationally
D)follow the principle of falsifiability

Question 29

According to May,the person experiencing ____ conforms to tradition,religious dogma,the expectation of others,or anything else that reduces his or her need to make personal choices.

A)neurotic anxiety
B)normal anxiety
C)thrownness
D)Dasein

Question 30

The humanistic psychologist believes all of the following except:

A)little of value can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals
B)subjective reality is the primary guide for human behavior
C)psychology should attempt to discover those things that expand and enrich human experience
D)studying groups of humans is more informative than studying individuals

Question 31

Kelly called his approach to treatment:

A)propositional therapy
B)fixed-role therapy
C)constructivistic therapy
D)existential therapy

Question 32

According to Kelly,people are similar when they:

A)construe the world in similar ways
B)have had common experiences
C)are raised in the same family
D)are from the same culture

Question 33

According to Kelly,the goal of psychotherapy is to help the client:

A)overcome inhibitions
B)experience unconditional positive regard
C)get in touch with himself or herself
D)view things differently

Question 34

Maslow referred to the tendency of some psychologists to use the scientific method to cut themselves off from the poetic,romantic,and spiritual aspects of human nature as:

A)desacralization
B)healthy
C)an escape from freedom
D)self-alienation

Question 35

According to May,____ examines the stories by which people live and understand their lives and the effectiveness of those stories.

A)role-play
B)narrative therapy
C)myths
D)a construct system

Question 36

According to most existentialists,humans can either exercise their freedom and experience ____,or not exercise it and experience ____.

A)guilt;anxiety
B)pleasure;pain
C)normal anxiety;guilt
D)pain;pleasure

Question 37

What did Kelly find to be effective in treating individuals with emotional problems:

A)free association
B)bringing previously repressed traumatic memories into consciousness
C)anything that caused the clients to view themselves or their problems differently
D)hypnosis

Question 38

May,like the other existentialists,believed that the most important fact about humans is that they are:

A)continuous with other animals
B)plagued with guilt
C)free
D)honest

Question 39

According to Binswanger,authentic individuals attempt to transform their circumstances by exercising their free will.He referred to this transformational process as:

A)ground of existence
B)thrownness
C)being-beyond-the-world
D)guilt-provoking

Question 40

Most existentialists accept Nietzsche's proclamation:

A)truth is subjectivity
B)an unexamined life is not worth living
C)to be is to be perceived
D)that which does not kill me,makes me stronger

Question 41

All of the following statements is accepted by both existential and humanistic psychology except:

A)humans are free and therefore responsible for their actions
B)elementism of any type gives a distorted view of humans
C)nothing can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals
D)humans are basically good and if not interfered with would live in peace and harmony

Question 42

Rogers found that if therapy is effective:

A)the real and ideal selves become increasingly dissimilar
B)the real and ideal selves become increasingly similar
C)the ideal self is recognized as an unrealistic dream
D)the client comes to realize that there is no difference between his or her real and ideal selves

Question 43

According to Rogers,using the ____ as a guide for living one's life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency but to terminate or avoid those that are not.

A)need for positive regard
B)dictates of society
C)organismic valuing process
D)values of one's parents

Question 44

Roger's approach to psychotherapy was considered revolutionary for all of the following reasons except:

A)it required no diagnosis
B)it required therapists to accept the medical model of mental illness
C)it required no labeling of disorders
D)it required that disturbed individuals be called "clients" instead of "patients"

Question 45

The major difference between existential and humanistic psychology lies in their assumptions about

A)human nature
B)living an authentic life
C)uniqueness of humans
D)hedonism

Question 46

If a person is functioning at any level other than self-actualization,he or she is said to be:

A)deficiency motivated
B)working with need-directed perception
C)being motivated
D)both deficiency motivated and working with need-directed perception.

Question 47

Which of the following presents Maslow's hierarchy of needs in proper order?

A)safety ® physiological ® belonging and love ® self-actualization ® esteem
B)physiological ® belonging and love ® safety ® esteem ® self-actualization
C)safety ® esteem ® belonging and love ® physiological ® self-actualization
D)physiological ® safety ® belonging and love ® esteem ® self-actualization

Question 48

Which of the following did Sartre mean by his statement,"Existence precedes essence"?

A)at the core,humans are like other animals
B)humans are created in God's image
C)humans have no essence at birth and therefore they become what they choose to be
D)humans are what they have been rewarded for being

Question 49

Maslow found that all of the following characterized self-actualizing individuals except:

A)they were creative
B)they were sometimes silly,wasteful,or thoughtless
C)they sometimes had temper outbursts
D)they were highly gregarious

Question 50

Maslow said that self-actualizing individuals were ____ motivated.

A)deficiency-
B)being-
C)D-
D)more than one of these choices

Question 51

Toward the end of his life Maslow began to develop ____ psychology that went beyond personal experience (mystical,ecstatic,spiritual aspects)and had much in common with non-Western psychologies,philosophies,and religions.

A)transpersonal
B)humanistic
C)fourth-force
D)both transpersonal and fourth-force

Question 52

According to Rogers,what is said to exist when the relevant people in a child's life give him of her love and acceptance under some circumstances but not under others (only if one acts or thinks in certain ways):

A)conditions of worth
B)the need for positive regard
C)unconditional positive regard
D)the organismic valuing process

Question 53

The Jonah complex refers to:

A)the fear of whales
B)the fear of one's own success
C)the human need to acquire information about oneself
D)the abnormal need for success

Question 54

When conditions of worth replace the organismic valuing process as a guide for living,the person:

A)becomes incongruent
B)is no longer true to his or her own true feelings
C)is not a fully functioning person
D)all of these choices

Question 55

Rogers believed that any relationship conducive to personal growth must be characterized by all of the following except:

A)genuineness
B)unconditional positive regard
C)conditions of worth
D)empathic understanding

Question 56

Humanistic psychologists:

A)reject the prediction and control of human behavior as psychology's goal
B)see the methods of physical science as irrelevant to the study of humans
C)believed that the poetic,romantic,and spiritual aspects of humans must be ignored if psychology is to be an objective science
D)both reject the prediction and control of human behavior as psychology's goal and see the methods of physical science as irrelevant to the study of humans

Question 57

A person living according to the organismic valuing process:

A)is motivated by his or her own true feelings
B)has internal and external feelings of worth
C)is living what the existentialists call an authentic life
D)is motivated by his or her own true feelings and is living what the existentialists call an authentic life

Question 58

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a self-actualizing person?

A)They perceive reality accurately and fully.
B)They have a need for privacy.
C)They have many friends and acquaintances.
D)They are creative.

Question 59

According to Fromm,the first thing many individuals do when they discover their freedom is to:

A)seek other free people
B)attempt to free others
C)escape from that freedom
D)live authentic lives

Question 60

For humanistic psychology,the goal of psychology should be to formulate a description of what it means to be a human being.Which of the following is not part of that description?

A)the importance of language
B)the valuing process
C)a listing of the basic human drives
D)the ways humans seek and attain meaning in their lives

Question 61

For Maslow,being motivation involves the higher values of life such as beauty,truth,and justice.

Question 62

For Rogers,having conditions of worth placed upon us is conducive to becoming a fully functioning person.

Question 63

Describe and discuss Roger's theory of personality.

Question 64

Third-force psychology combines rationalism and existentialism and is called humanistic psychology.

Question 65

Binswanger proposed three different modes of existence to which individuals give meaning through their consciousness.

Question 66

The concept of self-actualization goes back only as far as Kant.

Question 67

List and describe the basic tenets of humanistic psychology.

Question 68

For Heidegger,a prerequisite for living an authentic life is coming to grips with the fact that "I must someday die."

Question 69

The development of third-force psychology was a reaction to what some saw as deficiencies in the descriptions of humans by behaviorism and psychoanalysis.

Question 70

Maslow is usually recognized as the one most responsible for making humanistic psychology a formal branch of psychology.

Question 71

For Kelly,people construct worldview systems to predict future events.

Question 72

Describe constructive alternativism of Kelly.

Question 73

Discuss the antecedent cultural conditions and the conditions in psychology that led to the development of third-force psychology.

Question 74

Kelly called his approach to treating clients fixed-role therapy.

Question 75

For May,humans are both objects and subjects of experience,which is what he called the human dilemma.

Question 76

Kelly found that anything that caused the client to view themselves as different from other people improved the situation.

Question 77

For Rogers,people using the actualizing tendency as a frame of reference in living their lives are said to be living according to the organismic valuing process.T

Question 78

Briefly describe the basic ideas of the existentialists Heidegger and Binswanger.

Question 79

Maslow began to ponder a fourth force psychology called transpersonal psychology,which would focus on the mystical,ecstatic,or spiritual aspects of human nature.

Question 80

May described a normal anxiety conducive to personal growth and a neurotic anxiety,which is not conducive to personal growth.