Deck 12: Behaviorism

Question 1

Pavlov resisted the systematic study of conditioned reflexes because:

A)of their apparent subjective nature
B)such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology
C)they appeared to be the same as natural reflexes and therefore did not need to be studied separately
D)of their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology

Answer 1

of their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology

Question 2

Pavlov believed that his research showed that extinction does not eliminate a response but inhibits its occurrence.This is demonstrated by:

A)spontaneous recovery of the response.
B)the process of disinhibition
C)experimental neurosis
D)both spontaneous recovery of the response and the process of disinhibition

Answer 2

both spontaneous recovery of the response and the process of disinhibition

Question 3

Sechenov insisted that ____ causes all behavior.

A)thought
B)external stimulation
C)emotion
D)spontaneity

Answer 3

external stimulation

Question 4

Pavlov called the words that come to symbolize reality "signals of signals" or the:

A)first-signal system
B)second-signal system
C)cortical mosaic
D)mind

Question 5

The most important concept that Sechenov introduced into psychology was:

A)the conditioned reflex
B)inhibition
C)association
D)unconscious inference

Question 6

If a period of time is allowed to elapse after extinction and the conditioned stimulus is again presented,the stimulus will elicit a conditioned response.This reappearance of the conditioned response is called:

A)experimental neurosis
B)secondary extinction
C)spontaneous recovery
D)disinhibition

Question 7

Pavlov used the term cortical mosaic to describe:

A)his favorite art object in his study
B)the return of a conditioned response (CR)following extinction
C)the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment
D)the different types of nervous systems that organisms possess

Question 8

Sechenov:

A)denied consciousness existed
B)supported the use of introspection
C)stated that only overt behavior was reflexive
D)postulated that both overt and covert behavior (mental processes)result from physiological processes in the brain

Question 9

In Pavlov's experimental example,the meat powder was the

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 10

For Sechenov,the only valid way to study psychology was to use:

A)the objective methods of physiology
B)introspective analysis
C)an approach that emphasized the importance of spontaneous behavior
D)transcendentalism

Question 11

If,after conditioning has taken place,a series of trials is presented in which the conditioned stimulus (CS)is presented but is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus (US),____ will occur.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)extinction
C)experimental neurosis
D)disinhibition

Question 12

Research and ideas from various areas contributed to the development of behaviorism in the U.S.Which of the following was not a contributing factor?

A)functionalists moving toward objective forms of study
B)objective psychology developing in Russia
C)the development of introspective objective analysis
D)the success of research with nonhuman animals

Question 13

Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work:

A)on conditioned reflexes
B)in physiology
C)on salivation
D)in the improvement of surgical techniques

Question 14

Pavlov called the stimuli (CSs)that come to signal biologically significant events the:

A)first-signal system
B)second-signal system
C)cortical mosaic
D)mind

Question 15

Pavlov believed that all central nervous activity could be described as either ____ or ____.

A)spontaneous;involuntary
B)voluntary;spontaneous
C)excitatory;inhibitory
D)freely chosen;determined

Question 16

Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior was caused by

A)confusion of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
B)first-signal system
C)a breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain
D)experimental neurosis

Question 17

When a previously neutral stimulus elicits some fraction of an unconditioned response,the reaction is called:

A)a conditioned response (CR)
B)spontaneous
C)generalization
D)genetically determined

Question 18

Pavlov found that placing food powder in a dog's mouth increased the dog's saliva flow.In this situation,the increased saliva flow was a(n):

A)unconditioned stimulus (US)
B)unconditioned response (UR)
C)conditioned stimulus (CS)
D)conditioned response (CR)

Question 19

Pavlov found that forcing an organism to continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often resulted in:

A)spontaneous recovery
B)disinhibition
C)experimental neurosis
D)a cortical mosaic

Question 20

According to Pavlov,____ stimuli were biologically neutral.

A)unconditioned
B)conditioned
C)primary
D)spontaneous

Question 21

Watson's final position on instincts was that:

A)human behavior was largely instinctive
B)humans had only a few powerful instincts
C)humans were born with powerful instincts but they were soon displaced by learned behavior
D)humans had no instincts

Question 22

Pavlov believed that his work on the conditioned reflex discovered the physiological mechanism for what for centuries had been called ____ by philosophers and psychologists.

A)associationism
B)behaviorism
C)functionalism
D)structuralism

Question 23

Watson's research indicated that rats use their ____ sense in learning to traverse a maze accurately.

A)visual
B)auditory
C)kinesthetic
D)olfactory

Question 24

Watson allowed for some influence of genetics on personality by saying that ____ interacted with experience to produce specific behavior patterns.

A)bodily structure
B)innate ideas
C)intelligence
D)instincts

Question 25

When Watson finally outlined his behavioristic position,Titchener was not upset because he (Titchener)believed that:

A)Watson had described a technology of behavior that did not conflict with psychology proper
B)it was more or less the same thing that he (Titchener)had been saying for years
C)other psychologists would find Watson's position silly
D)psychology was ready to become behavioristic

Question 26

Who taught Watson that plants and simple animals,because of their biological makeup,respond automatically in characteristic ways to particular environmental stimuli (tropisms)?

A)Moore
B)Dewey
C)Loeb
D)Angell

Question 27

Whose concentration on the overt behavior of organisms was more relevant to U.S.behaviorism that was Pavlov's research on secretion?

A)Watson
B)Sechenov
C)Bechterev
D)McDougall

Question 28

For Watson,thinking was:

A)implicit speech
B)imageless
C)implicit,unlearned behavior
D)explicit,learned behavior

Question 29

Bechterev claimed that ____ was the founder of behavioristic psychology.

A)he
B)Watson
C)Pavlov
D)Thorndike

Question 30

Watson's first major accomplishment at the University of Chicago was to:

A)become an expert on the white rat
B)coin the term "tropism"
C)create an interest in psychology there
D)demonstrate the value of studying animal consciousness

Question 31

What Pavlov called a conditioned reflex,Bechterev called a(n)____ reflex.

A)unconditioned
B)association
C)conditioned
D)mental

Question 32

Bechterev suggested that in studying humans,the methods of ____ should be employed.

A)introspection and self-analysis
B)the natural sciences
C)mathematics and logic
D)Scholasticism

Question 33

Because John Watson has become known for other accomplishments,it is often overlooked that he was one of the United States' early

A)structuralists
B)ethologists
C)functionalists
D)rat researchers

Question 34

For Watson,the goal of psychology was to:

A)solve the mind-body problem
B)predict and control behavior
C)discover the elements of thought
D)show that human animals and nonhuman animals are essentially the same

Question 35

Bechterev criticized Pavlov's "saliva method" of studying conditioned reflexes for all the following reasons except:

A)it necessitated an operation
B)it could not be used easily on humans
C)it caused reactions in the experimental animal that could contaminate the experiment
D)it was too similar to introspective analysis

Question 36

For Watson,speech:

A)was uniquely human
B)was a type of overt behavior
C)reflected the contents of the mind
D)was implicit,unlearned behavior

Question 37

Watson described four types of behavior.Which of the following is not one of them?

A)explicit learned behavior
B)implicit learned behavior
C)explicit unlearned behavior
D)thinking

Question 38

Pavlov acknowledged that ____ objective work on the learning process preceded his own.

A)Watson's
B)Thorndike's
C)James's
D)Dewey's

Question 39

Watson's objective psychology had all of the following in common with Russian objective psychology except:

A)rejection of introspection as a research tool
B)rejection of mentalism in an explanation of behavior
C)an interest in brain physiology
D)rejection of the contention that consciousness could cause behavior

Question 40

In the famous lecture "Psychology as a behaviorist views it," Watson outlined the tenets of behavioral psychology.Which of the following was not listed as part of the behavioral philosophy?

A)its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior
B)introspection forms no essential part of its method
C)the behaviorist...recognizes no dividing line between man and brute (animal)
D)the value of introspective data is recognized as important for a complete analysis of human behavior

Question 41

A belief in the importance of____ formed the core of McDougall's theory.

A)innate ideas
B)instincts
C)perception
D)overt behavior

Question 42

What was Watson's final position on the mind-body problem?

A)interactionism
B)epiphenomenalism
C)psychophysical parallelism
D)physical monism

Question 43

By systematically moving a feared rabbit closer and closer to Peter as he (Peter)ate lunch,Watson and Jones:

A)made use of procedures later called behavior therapy
B)eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects
C)inspired the famous story of "Peter and the Rabbit"
D)both made use of procedures later called behavior therapy and eliminated Peter's fear of the rabbit and reduced his fear of related objects

Question 44

What was the outcome of the debate between McDougall and Watson?

A)both men were declared losers
B)both men were declared winners
C)McDougall was narrowly declared the winner
D)Watson was declared the winner by a wide margin

Question 45

The type of behavior studied by McDougall differed from that studied by Pavlov and Watson in that it was:

A)reflexive
B)implicit
C)purposive
D)overt

Question 46

In their research on Albert,Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat,Albert also became fearful of other furry objects.Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of:

A)discrimination
B)disinhibition
C)generalization
D)spontaneous recovery

Question 47

Which of the following allows reference to internal events in explanations of behavior provided that those events are indexed by overt behavior?

A)radical behaviorism
B)methodological behaviorism
C)physical monism
D)psychophysical parallelism

Question 48

Which of the following characteristics of contemporary psychology would most disappoint Watson:

A)the emphasis on the prediction and control of behavior
B)the emphasis on overt behavior as psychology's subject matter
C)the popularity of cognitive psychology
D)the form of behaviorism referred to as radical

Question 49

What did McDougall include in his definition of psychology that Watson did not?

A)the study of human behavior
B)the study of animal behavior
C)the study of human consciousness
D)more than one of these choices

Question 50

____ is the belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of internal events of any type.

A)Radical behaviorism
B)Methodological behaviorism
C)Physical monism
D)Psychophysical parallelism

Question 51

Watson believed that,along with structure and some basic reflexes,humans inherit 3 emotional responses,which one of the following is not one of the 3 inherited emotions?

A)love
B)rage
C)fear
D)hate

Question 52

In contrast to Watson,McDougall believed that mental events could be studied objectively by:

A)observing the influence of such events on behavior
B)introspection
C)using only nonhuman animals as experimental subjects
D)asking people to carefully describe their conscious experiences

Question 53

In his explanation of learning,which of the following did Watson accept:

A)Thorndike's law of effect
B)Pavlov's concept of the cortical mosaic
C)the associative principles of contiguity and frequency
D)Thorndike's concept of a "satisfying state of affairs"

Question 54

One of McDougall's major criticisms of Watson's position was that it:

A)was too subjective
B)relied too heavily on the concept of instinct
C)could not account for the most satisfying human experiences
D)viewed both human and nonhuman behavior as purposive

Question 55

Watson,along with most functionalists and behaviorists,believed:

A)psychology is experimental and has the purpose of explaining behavior
B)psychology can study mental events in behavioral terms
C)psychology should be useful and applied to improvement in the human condition
D)animal research can only be useful if applied to improvement in the animal condition

Question 56

Concerning the treatment of children,Watson and Watson's advice was to:

A)pamper them
B)treat then as small adults
C)reinforce desirable behavior and punish undesirable behavior
D)have as much bodily contact with them as possible

Question 57

McDougall stated that all organisms are born with instincts that provide the motivation to act in certain ways.Instincts have 3 components.Which of the following is not one of the three?

A)perception
B)behavior
C)emotion
D)sentiment

Question 58

With their research on the infant named Albert,Watson and Rayner demonstrated that:

A)emotions could be displaced to a stimuli other than those that had originally elicited the emotions
B)bodily structure interacts with experience to produce personality
C)there are important individual differences among people
D)intelligence is only partially genetically determined

Question 59

All of the following was true of the McDougall-Watson debate except:

A)McDougall accused Watson of using advertising techniques to sell his (Watson's)brand of psychology
B)Watson claimed that to accept McDougall's brand of psychology was to reject all recent advances in psychology
C)the debate was declared a draw
D)Watson claimed that anyone who insisted that psychology be concerned with consciousness did so because of spiritual or vitalistic leanings

Question 60

According to McDougall,most human social behavior is governed by:

A)a single instinct
B)rational plans of action
C)mental telepathy
D)sentiments

Question 61

Describe Pavlov's view of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes,including excitation and inhibition,the phenomenon of extinction,spontaneous recovery,and disinhibition.

Question 62

For Sechenov,the most important concept for explaining behavior was inhibition.

Question 63

From the extensive research with the white rat,Watson began developing his ideas about behaviorism.

Question 64

Behaviorism was already established in the U.S.before the development of objective psychology in Russia.

Question 65

Watson publicly laid out his views on behaviorism in his lectures at Columbia University in 1913.

Question 66

Unlike Sechenov,Pavlov had a positive opinion of psychology.

Question 67

Bechterev's reflexology studied the relationship between behavior and physical,biological,and social conditions.

Question 68

Watson did not attempt to even discuss language,speech,and thinking.

Question 69

Discuss Sechenov's use of inhibition as the controlling concept in explaining both animal and human behavior.

Question 70

Sechenov sought to explain all psychic phenomena by associationism and materialism.

Question 71

Discuss McDougall's purposive behavior.

Question 72

McDougall studied what he called purposive behavior,which was different from the reflexive behavior of Watson and the Russian researchers.

Question 73

Describe the basic tenets of behavioral psychology as delineated by Watson and what he saw as the goal of psychology.

Question 74

Sechenov believed that the only valid approach to study psychology was objective methods of physiology.

Question 75

For Pavlov,the second signal system is primarily used by animals.

Question 76

For Pavlov,all behavior was reflexive and can be explained in terms of excitation and/or inhibition within the central nervous system.

Question 77

Briefly describe Watson's view regarding language and thinking,instincts in behavior,emotions,and child rearing.

Question 78

Bechterev,the Russian researcher,and Watson both proposed objective psychology but differed greatly in terms of methodology and philosophy.

Question 79

Pavlov originally called conditioned reflexes "psychic reflexes".

Question 80

Bechterev and Pavlov both studied the salivary reflex in their research