Deck 11: Functionalism

Question 1

Regarding experiencing emotion,which sequence,according to James,is correct?

A)we see a bear,become frightened,and run
B)we lose a fortune,feel sorry,and cry
C)we strike a person and then become angry
D)more than one of these choices

Answer 1

we strike a person and then become angry

Question 2

Pragmatism maintains that beliefs,thoughts,and behaviors must be judged according to their:

A)logical consistency
B)consequences
C)moral implications
D)compatibility with societal and cultural norms

Answer 2

consequences

Question 3

Which of the following is not a characteristic of James' stream of consciousness?

A)it is personal
B)it can be divided up for analysis
C)it is constantly changing
D)it is selective

Answer 3

it can be divided up for analysis

Question 4

Which of the following was a theme running through functionalism?

A)an interest in pure rather than applied science
B)an interest in what all humans have in common
C)an interest in the function of the mind rather than its contents
D)a search for the elements of thought

Question 5

According to pragmatism:

A)there are two types of statements: scientific and nonsensical
B)if something cannot be measured it does not exist
C)an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness
D)it is free will that distinguishes humans from nonhuman animals

Question 6

According to James,what kept people working at boring jobs and the social strata from mixing?

A)free will
B)habit
C)pragmatism
D)the stream of consciousness

Question 7

For James,the spiritual self:

A)is that part of you known only to God
B)consists of everything a persons owns
C)cannot be know by the person except through God
D)consists of the person's states of consciousness

Question 8

Sahakian marks the beginning of the school of functionalism with the publication of:

A)Dewey's article "The Reflex Arc in Psychology"
B)James' book The Principles of Psychology
C)Stewart's book Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind
D)the first issue of the American Journal of Psychology

Question 9

James admitted that his concept of ____ was similar to the older concepts of "soul" or "spirit".

A)self as knower
B)spiritual self
C)material self
D)social self

Question 10

When studying humans,James felt that:

A)we must use scientific introspection
B)the scientific method is the only method that could yield useful information
C)both the scientific and philosophic approach must be used
D)we must use the deductive rationalistic approach

Question 11

During which stage of early American psychology was the statement "Psychology existed for the sake of logic,and logic for the sake of God" true?

A)Stage one: moral and mental philosophy
B)Stage two: intellectual philosophy
C)Stage three: the U.S.Renaissance
D)Stage four: U.S.functionalism

Question 12

According to James,all of the following were components of the empirical self except:

A)self as a knower
B)material self
C)social self
D)spiritual self

Question 13

Which of the following is not one of the themes that describe functionalist ideas?

A)understand the function of the mind
B)wanted psychology to be a practical applied science
C)were opposed to study of animals and children
D)more interested in what made people different rather than their similarities

Question 14

James identified ____ as a ratio of things attempted to things achieved.

A)the empirical self
B)the self as knower
C)the stream of consciousness
D)self-esteem

Question 15

James' advice concerning emotional experience was:

A)in order to avoid frustration keep your goals reasonable
B)act the way you want to feel
C)use free will to inhibit such experience
D)give emotional experience full and uninhibited expression

Question 16

What advice did James give for developing good habits?

A)develop good habits gradually
B)place yourself in situations that will test your resolve by encouraging habits contrary to those that you are trying to develop
C)force yourself to act in ways that are beneficial to you even if doing so at first is distasteful and requires considerable effort
D)think about acting in desirable ways and eventually you will

Question 17

According to James,a person could increase his or her self-esteem by:

A)succeeding more
B)attempting less
C)not attempting to do anything
D)both succeeding more and attempting less

Question 18

According to James' ____,all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study.

A)radical empiricism
B)religion
C)positivism
D)materialism

Question 19

For James,by controlling one's thoughts,one:

A)controls one's behavior
B)controls one's emotions
C)places oneself in certain situations
D)loses control of behavior

Question 20

According to James,the most important thing about consciousness was that it was:

A)personal
B)continuous
C)selective
D)functional

Question 21

Hall did all of the following except:

A)he established the first working psychology laboratory in the United States
B)he founded the first American journal dedicated to psychological issues
C)he attained the first Ph.D.in psychology given in the United States
D)he developed the first intelligence test in the U.S.

Question 22

Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species.This belief was called:

A)recapitulation theory
B)parapsychology
C)reciprocal antagonism
D)sociobiology

Question 23

James referred to individuals who were intellectual,idealistic,religious and who believed in free will as:

A)tender-minded
B)tough-minded
C)fools
D)pragmatic

Question 24

Due to Münsterberg's interests and work he is known as one of the first:

A)social psychologists
B)applied psychologists
C)statistical psychologists
D)behavior analytic psychologists

Question 25

Eventually Calkins turned away from mainstream experimental psychology because she viewed it as too cold and impersonal.Instead she pursued her interest in:

A)self-psychology
B)psychophysics
C)metaphysics
D)color vision

Question 26

Hall's views on women can be best described as:

A)paradoxical
B)totally negative
C)totally positive
D)opposite to those of Titchener and Münsterberg

Question 27

Münsterberg died in relative obscurity because:

A)other researchers were unable to replicate the results of his research
B)his attempt to import German psychology into the United States had failed
C)he tried to improve German-American relationships at a time when Americans had strong,negative feelings toward Germany
D)of his emphasis on pure instead of applied psychology

Question 28

In his study and treatment of mentally ill individuals,Münsterberg attempted to strengthen thoughts opposite to those causing his clients to have difficulties.He referred to this technique as:

A)behavior therapy
B)systematic desensitization
C)reciprocal antagonism
D)conscious psychoanalysis

Question 29

Who was the first African-American in the U.S.to earn a Ph.D.in psychology?

A)Dewey
B)Sumner
C)Calkins
D)Münsterberg

Question 30

Dewey believed that the goal of education should be to facilitate creative intelligence and:

A)prepare children to live effectively in a complex society
B)transmit traditional knowledge
C)obtain a college degree
D)strengthen the reasoning faculty of the mind

Question 31

Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism?

A)James
B)Dewey
C)Hall
D)Münsterberg

Question 32

Münsterberg's efforts did much to create:

A)parapsychology
B)cross cultural psychology
C)applied psychology
D)dynamic psychology

Question 33

For James,tough-minded people are all of the following except:

A)fact-oriented
B)dogmatic
C)materialistic
D)fatalistic

Question 34

Which of the following is correctly associated with Calkins?

A)she was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association
B)she was the first woman president of the American Philosophical Association
C)she made significant contributions to self-psychology
D)all of these choices

Question 35

Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation?

A)G.Stanley Hall
B)Francis Sumner
C)John Dewey
D)Kenneth Clark

Question 36

In his writing on forensic psychology,Münsterberg did all of the following except:

A)he indicated that eyewitnesses testimony was often unreliable
B)he argued against the harsh interrogation of those thought to be guilty of a crime
C)he proposed that suggestion and stress do not affect perception
D)he described a device that would later become the lie detector

Question 37

For ____ ideas caused behavior,but for ____ behavior caused ideas.

A)Münsterberg;Wundt
B)James;Münsterberg
C)Münsterberg;James
D)Renouvier;Wundt

Question 38

Dewey believed that the best way to learn was by:

A)rote memorization
B)engaging in the activities to be learned
C)listening to knowledgeable lecturers
D)observing a knowledgeable person who acts as a model

Question 39

All of the following were reasons that Hall opposed coeducation during adolescence and young adulthood except:

A)males had primitive impulses during these periods
B)it might interfere with the normal development of the female sexual organs
C)it might interfere with the later attraction between the sexes
D)the natural superiority of males would discourage females from seeking further education

Question 40

Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature,which was its:

A)purposiveness
B)biochemical correlates
C)relationship to the mind
D)relationship to other reflexes

Question 41

Thorndike's law of exercise stated that:

A)no pain,no gain
B)the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced
C)the mind could not be healthy if the body was not healthy
D)all mammals learned according to the same principles

Question 42

Woodworth was primarily a functionalist,but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude which refers to a(n):

A)behaviorist
B)psychoanalyst
C)structuralist
D)eclectic

Question 43

In her studies of animal behavior (consciousness),Washburn's use of controlled behavior to index mental events was similar to the approach of:

A)Thorndike
B)the comparative psychologists Romanes and Morgan
C)the Gestalt psychologists
D)contemporary cognitive psychologists

Question 44

Washburn:

A)was Titchener's first Ph.D.candidate
B)was the first woman to receive a Ph.D.in psychology
C)made significant contributions to comparative psychology
D)all of these choices

Question 45

According to Angell,the functional psychologist believed all of the following except:

A)mental operations were important,whereas mental elements were not
B)mental processes intervened between an organism's needs and its environment
C)nothing worthwhile could be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals
D)the mind and the body could not be separated

Question 46

According to Carr,an adaptive act consisted of all of the following except:

A)a motive or need
B)an environmental setting
C)a response that satisfied a motive or need
D)behavioral reflexes which were automatically triggered by environmental stimuli

Question 47

The first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake,without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior,was done by:

A)Thorndike
B)Washburn
C)Morgan
D)Titchener

Question 48

Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement was effective in modifying behavior,but punishment was not.

A)original law of exercise
B)revised law of exercise
C)original law of effect
D)revised law of effect

Question 49

According to Thorndike,schools should teach:

A)as little as possible
B)the most difficult topics possible
C)only those students who wish to learn
D)skills that will be useful to students when they leave school

Question 50

Thorndike's identical elements theory of transfer stated that:

A)the extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is determined by the similarity between the two situations
B)for the transfer of training to occur,mental elements must first be discovered
C)learning difficult topics in school will make it much easier for students to adjust to society when they leave school
D)transfer from a learning situation to a new situation will only occur if the two situations are identical

Question 51

Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior,whereas punishment weakened it.

A)original law of exercise
B)revised law of exercise
C)original law of effect
D)revised law of effect

Question 52

Washburn systematically studied several categories of animal behavior in order to:

A)show that behavior can be studied for its own sake without concern for consciousness
B)understand animal consciousness
C)confirm many of the observations made by Romanes
D)demonstrate that nonhuman animals are as intelligent as humans

Question 53

When Thorndike and Woodworth examined the contention by some faculty psychologists that studying difficult topics increased general intelligence,they found:

A)little or no support for it
B)that it was generally true
C)that it was only true for mathematics
D)that it was true for dull students but not for bright students

Question 54

Thorndike's contention that learning occurred without ideation brought him very close to being a:

A)behaviorist
B)functionalist
C)stimulus operationalist
D)materialist

Question 55

Above all,Cattell believed that psychology should:

A)concentrate on pure research
B)merge with biology
C)furnish practical knowledge
D)follow the model of structuralism and ignore evolutionary theory

Question 56

According to Woodworth,in the same physical environment,an organism would act differently depending on what:

A)stimuli it attended to
B)other organisms were present
C)need or drive was present
D)innate ideas were activated

Question 57

Which of the following conclusions did Thorndike reach concerning the learning process?

A)it occurred all at once instead of a little bit at a time
B)it was mediated by thinking
C)the principles governing human learning were different from those governing the learning of nonhuman animals
D)learning occurred independently of thinking

Question 58

The primary purpose of Morgan's canon was to guard against:

A)animal research
B)introspection
C)anthropomorphizing
D)anthropocentrism

Question 59

Woodworth was primarily interested in ____,so he called his psychology,dynamic psychology.

A)the unconscious mind
B)motivation
C)learning how simple mental elements combined into complex thoughts
D)reflexive behavior

Question 60

A major problem with the animal research performed by Romanes was that it:

A)depended on anecdotal evidence
B)was characterized by anthropomorphizing
C)was too highly controlled and thus not easily generalized to animal behavior outside the laboratory
D)both depended on anecdotal evidence and was characterized by anthropomorphizing

Question 61

Functionalism as a school eventually died out as its principles were proven wrong.

Question 62

Dewey wrote The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology,which many believe marked the beginning of functionalism.

Question 63

Describe the experience and work of Francis Sumner (a student of Hall)and Kenneth Clark (a student of Sumner).

Question 64

Discuss the characteristics of functionalism.

Question 65

As a result of his work with cats in puzzle boxes,Thorndike proposed the law of effect and the law of exercise.

Question 66

Briefly discuss several of the aspects of James' psychology including stream of consciousness and his view of habits and instincts.

Question 67

Hall is credited with organizing the first psychology laboratory in the U.S.

Question 68

Under Cattell's influence,Harvard became a stronghold for functionalism.

Question 69

Robert Woodworth was interested in motivation and called his brand of psychology,dynamic psychology.

Question 70

Briefly discuss the work of the functionalists,Dewey,Angell,and Carr,at the University of Chicago.

Question 71

Recapitulation theory described personality development in adolescents.

Question 72

Which of the following best describes the fate of functionalism?

A)it faded away for essentially the same reasons that structuralism did
B)it was absorbed into contemporary psychology and has therefore lost its identity
C)it surrendered its focus on the mind and became the school of behaviorism
D)it was promoted by a few forceful individuals (like James),and when they died,so did functionalism

Question 73

Münsterberg's work contributed to the development of what is called applied psychology.

Question 74

The major problem with Romanes' research with animals was that he anthropomorphized in his descriptions of behavior.

Question 75

Functionalism was a well-defined school with William James as the leader.

Question 76

Psychology in the early U.S.was described by Sahakian as consisting of four stages.

Question 77

Pragmatism of James was the belief that if an idea works,it is valid.

Question 78

Mary Whiton Calkins,after years of dealing with the administration,finally received her Ph.D.from Harvard in 1902.

Question 79

James' stream of consciousness concept opposed those searching for elements of consciousness.

Question 80

Harvey Carr proposed the adaptive act,which describes how needs are met in the organism in order to survive.