Deck 1: Introduction

Question 1

Popper saw scientific method as involving 3 stages.Which of the following is not one of the stages?

A)problem
B)theories (proposed solutions)
C)prestudy analysis
D)criticism

Answer 1

prestudy analysis

Question 2

The ultimate authority of science has always been:

A)logic
B)rigorous theory
C)the opinion of great,clear-thinking individuals
D)empirical observation

Answer 2

empirical observation

Question 3

Science has two major components:

A)empirical observation and law
B)empirical observation and theory
C)rationalism and empiricism
D)correlational laws and causal laws

Answer 3

empirical observation and theory

Question 4

Historiography is:

A)another term for psychology
B)the study of the proper way to write history
C)the use of photographs in presenting history
D)another term for historicism

Question 5

The prediction and control of events can best be accomplished using:

A)scientific law
B)a group of interrelated scientific laws
C)correlational propositions
D)causal laws

Question 6

According to the author of your text,psychology is best defined:

A)as the science of behavior
B)by the professional activities of psychologists
C)as the study of the psyche or mind
D)as the art of behavioral control and prediction

Question 7

The approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea through the years is called:

A)great-person approach
B)Zeitgeist
C)historical development approach
D)historicism

Question 8

Zeitgeist means :

A)the spirit of the times
B)about the same thing as presentism
C)that the history of anything must be selective
D)about the same thing as historicism

Question 9

To avoid the almost unending search that would result if one attempted to document all of the factors that caused a historical event,your author maintains that any history must be:

A)selective
B)inaccurate
C)written about a narrow topic
D)written only about recent events

Question 10

A consistently observed relationship between two or more classes of empirical events defines a:

A)scientific theory
B)scientific law
C)scientific problem
D)rational deduction

Question 11

A scientific theory has several functions.Which of the following is not a function of scientific theory?

A)organize empirical observations
B)generate confirmable propositions
C)act as a guide for future observations
D)to guide the scientist in rational descriptions

Question 12

Which of the following is not part of the traditional view of science?

A)empirical observation
B)theory testing
C)assumption of dualism
D)search for lawful relationships

Question 13

____ describe how classes of events vary together in some systematic way.

A)Scientific theories
B)Scientific laws
C)Causal laws
D)Correlational laws

Question 14

Historicism refers to the belief that:

A)the present state of a discipline should act as a guide in writing that discipline's history
B)the present state of a discipline represents its highest and best state of development
C)only the past is important
D)the past should be studied for its own sake without attempting to show the relationship between past and present.

Question 15

One of the most perplexing concepts in the history of philosophy and science has been:

A)causation
B)determinism
C)contiguity
D)correlation

Question 16

As discussed in the book,there are several reasons to study the history of psychology.Which of the following is not one of those discussed in the book?

A)to provide new perspectives and deeper understanding of concepts and ideas
B)recognition of fads and fashions in psychology
C)to see how psychology fits into social/cultural history
D)to avoid repetition of mistakes

Question 17

The approach to writing a history of psychology that combines the best of several approaches is referred to as:

A)presentism
B)eclecticism
C)historicism
D)the Zeitgeist approach

Question 18

Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science?

A)intuition and rationalism
B)rationalism and empiricism
C)introspection and controlled observation
D)empiricism and faith

Question 19

The ____ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes.

A)determinist
B)rationalist
C)empiricist
D)none of these choices

Question 20

Presentism assumes that:

A)only the present is important
B)to truly understand something you must be present to observe it
C)the present state of a discipline is its best,most fully developed state
D)history should be studied for its own sake without regard for how historical events relate to present events

Question 21

During the preparadigmatic stage of the development of a science:

A)true science is not performed
B)rival camps compete with each other for dominion of the discipline
C)rival camps work together to come to a consensus
D)one camp dominates the discipline

Question 22

According to Popper,the theories of Freud and Adler cannot be considered scientific because they:

A)make too many risky predictions
B)make postdictions rather than predictions
C)make predictions rather than postdictions
D)are too easily falsified

Question 23

Persistent observations that a currently accepted paradigm cannot explain is called a(n):

A)anomaly
B)paradigm
C)preparadigm
D)revolution

Question 24

According to Kuhn,the set of beliefs,values,assumptions,and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists is called:

A)a metaphysical orientation
B)the religious component of science
C)a paradigm
D)a correlational law

Question 25

According to Kuhn,all of the following are true of normal science except:

A)it results in some phenomena being explored in great depth
B)it causes scientists to ignore potentially important phenomena
C)it stimulates the creative search for novel phenomena
D)it is what most scientists engage in throughout their professional careers

Question 26

Who believes that science cannot be characterized by any set of prescribed methods,principles,or rules?

A)Popper
B)Kuhn
C)Feyerabend
D)Heisenberg

Question 27

According to the author of your text,contemporary psychology is:

A)a preparadigmatic discipline
B)a multiparadigmatic science
C)in the revolutionary stage of development
D)a single paradigmatic science

Question 28

If any conceivable observation supports a theory,Popper would conclude that the theory is:

A)weak
B)useless
C)the type that all sciences hope to develop
D)falsifiable

Question 29

The ____ stresses a person's beliefs,emotions,perceptions,values,and goals as determinants of behavior.

A)indeterminist
B)nondeterminist
C)physical determinist
D)psychical determinist

Question 30

Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called:

A)prediction
B)hindsight bias
C)postdiction
D)falsifiability

Question 31

The belief that human behavior is determined but the causes of behavior cannot be accurately measured is called:

A)nondeterminism
B)uncertainty principle
C)soft determinism
D)hard determinism

Question 32

Popper disagrees with the traditional view that scientific activity starts with:

A)a problem
B)empirical observation
C)logical deduction
D)a theory

Question 33

The highest status that a scientific theory can attain is:

A)confirmed
B)not yet confirmed
C)scientific law
D)falsifiability

Question 34

When behavior results from many causes,we say that it is:

A)synchronistic
B)fortuitous
C)overdetermined
D)indeterminant

Question 35

A psychologist who believes that human behavior is indeed determined but the causes can never be accurately known would be a(n):

A)indeterminist
B)psychical determinist
C)nondeterminist
D)physical determinist

Question 36

Which of the following is not emphasized by the physical determinist?

A)conflicts
B)genes
C)environmental stimuli
D)cultural customs

Question 37

For Popper,a nonscientific theory:

A)is insignificant
B)is unimportant
C)can still be useful
D)is especially useful

Question 38

According to Popper,what distinguishes a scientific theory from a nonscientific theory?

A)clarity
B)the use of mathematical symbols
C)the principle of falsifiability
D)the assumption of determinism

Question 39

Which of the following is not a type of observable determinism?

A)biological
B)sociocultural
C)environmental
D)psychical

Question 40

According to Popper,scientific activity begins:

A)with a problem
B)with empirical observation
C)when a paradigm is formulated
D)when enough individuals agree to engage in such activity

Question 41

Which of the following holds humans responsible for their actions?

A)nondeterminist
B)hard determinist
C)soft determinist
D)both nondeterminist and soft determinist

Question 42

The ____ tends to assume that the human mind takes in information passively.

A)rationalist
B)empiricist
C)nativist
D)epistemologist

Question 43

A currently popular way of explaining mind-body relationships that claims mental states emerge from brain activity is called:

A)reification
B)emergentism
C)naive realism
D)namification

Question 44

If you took a monistic position on the mind-body question,which of the following does your position most likely represent?

A)materialism
B)occasionalism
C)psychophysical parallelism
D)interactionism

Question 45

Some believe that although cognitive events are a result of brain activity,such events cannot cause behavior.Such a belief represents:

A)materialism
B)interactionism
C)epiphenomenalism
D)occasionalism

Question 46

The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called:

A)epiphenomenalism
B)naive realism
C)irrationalism
D)preestablished harmony

Question 47

Believing that because something has a name it also has independent existence is called:

A)reification
B)emergentism
C)naive realism
D)namification

Question 48

The belief that humans have free will would be proposed by a(n):

A)indeterminist
B)nondeterminist
C)psychical determinist
D)physical determinist

Question 49

The position on the mind-body question claiming that mental and bodily events are coordinated through God's intervention is called:

A)interactionism
B)interventionism
C)epiphenomenalism
D)occasionalism

Question 50

The ____ believes that because cognitive processes such as intentions,values,and beliefs intervene between experience and behavior,humans are responsible for their actions.

A)hard determinist
B)soft determinist
C)indeterminist
D)all of these choices

Question 51

The study of knowledge is called:

A)epistemology
B)psychophysics
C)metaphysics
D)rationalism

Question 52

____ promotes that life can never be completely explained in terms of material things and mechanical laws.

A)Vitalism
B)Determinism
C)Monism
D)Materialism

Question 53

The position on the mind-body question claiming that both mental events and bodily responses occur simultaneously even though the two events are independent of each other is called:

A)interactionism
B)epiphenomenalism
C)psychophysical parallelism
D)double aspectism

Question 54

The claim that God arranges for mental and bodily events to be perfectly coordinated is called:

A)psychophysical parallelism
B)double aspectism
C)preestablished harmony
D)idealism

Question 55

The view that cognitive events that emerge from brain activity can cause behavior is representative of:

A)materialism
B)interactionism
C)epiphenomenalism
D)free will

Question 56

____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior.

A)Naive realism
B)Irrationalism
C)Mechanism
D)Vitalism

Question 57

The ____ tends to assume that the human mind takes in information actively.

A)rationalist
B)empiricist
C)nativist
D)epistemologist

Question 58

According to the author of your text,which of the following would not be part of the response to the question,"Is psychology a science?"

A)some aspects of psychology are scientific
B)some aspects of psychology are not yet scientific but someday they may be
C)some aspects of psychology will probably never be scientific
D)all of these choices are appropriate answers

Question 59

Which of the following represents a dualistic position on the mind-body question?

A)idealism
B)materialism
C)monism
D)epiphenomenalism

Question 60

The position that states that mental and physiological reactions are two aspects of the same experience and cannot be separated is called:

A)preestablished harmony
B)double aspectism
C)epiphenomenalism
D)psychophysical parallelism

Question 61

Sociocultural determinism is a form of psychical determinism.

Question 62

Psychology has always been and is still defined as the study of the psyche or mind.

Question 63

Many influential philosophers/scientists such as Galileo and Kant have claimed that psychology could never be a science.

Question 64

What we experience mentally is called subjective or phenomenal reality.

Question 65

Two general classes of scientific laws are correlational laws and causal laws.

Question 66

Behavioral psychologists maintain that the same principles govern the behavior of both humans and nonhuman animals.

Question 67

Discuss the question "is psychology a science?" by addressing,as the text does,the various views of determinism,indeterminism,and nondeterminism.

Question 68

Popper and Kuhn agree completely on their views of normal science.

Question 69

Vitalism states that living things contain a force that nonliving objects do not.

Question 70

Popper proposed that for a theory to be scientific,it cannot make risky predictions.

Question 71

Rationalists postulate a passive mind.

Question 72

Zeitgeist is described as "spirit of the times."

Question 73

Nondeterminism requires that a person is responsible for their behavior.

Question 74

At various times in history a soul,mind,or self had been postulated in order to account for:

A)life after death
B)the mind-body relationship
C)the irrational aspects of human behavior
D)the unity and continuity of human experience

Question 75

Both nativists and empiricists emphasize the role of experience in explanations of origins of human attributes.

Question 76

A monist tries to explain everything in terms of one type of reality.

Question 77

Discuss the different reasons/purposes for studying the history of psychology.

Question 78

Contrast the scientific views of Popper and Kuhn.

Question 79

The study of knowledge is called metaphysics.

Question 80

Discuss the question "what is science?" by presenting the characteristics and concepts involved in the scientific enterprise.