Deck 9: Voluntarism,Structuralism,and Other Early Approaches to Psychology

Question 1

By shifting one's attention,elements of thought can be arranged and rearranged at will,a process Wundt referred to as:

A)perception
B)the law of forward conduction
C)creative synthesis
D)unconscious inference

Answer 1

creative synthesis

Question 2

Wundt believed that schizophrenia might be explained as a breakdown of the:

A)emotional makeup of the individual
B)sensory apparatus
C)attentional processes
D)perceptual processes

Answer 2

attentional processes

Question 3

To study the higher mental processes,Wundt believed that we must use ____.

A)rationalistic introspection
B)immediate analysis
C)naturalistic observation of various forms
D)controlled experimentation

Answer 3

naturalistic observation of various forms

Question 4

The central concept on Wundt's voluntarism was:

A)association
B)involuntary behavior
C)will
D)apperceptive mass

Question 5

Describing a stimulus as visual or auditory defines the ____ of the stimulus,while describing the stimulus in terms of how loud or bright it is describes its ____.

A)intensity;modality
B)modality;intensity
C)saturation;vividness
D)energy;clearness

Question 6

Which of the following did Wundt believe about experimental psychology:

A)it was useless in understanding higher mental processes
B)it represented the only worthwhile type of psychology
C)it was impossible
D)it could be used only to investigate the higher mental processes

Question 7

Which of the following philosophies most influenced Wundt:

A)materialism
B)rationalism
C)empiricism
D)sensationalism

Question 8

From the experiment with the pendulum clock (thought meter)Wundt concluded:

A)that experimental psychology was not feasible
B)that attention cannot be studied
C)that time is a dimension to be studied
D)that experimental psychology must stress selective attention or volition

Question 9

Which of the following was one of Wundt's major goals for experimental psychology?

A)to discover the basic elements of thought
B)to discover the laws by which mental elements combine into more complex mental experiences
C)to develop a new type of introspection
D)both to discover the basic elements of thought and to discover the laws by which mental elements combine into more complex mental experiences

Question 10

According to Wundt,a(n)____ occurred whenever a sense organ was stimulated and the resulting impulse reached the brain.

A)perception
B)unconscious inference
C)sensation
D)complex idea

Question 11

According to Wundt,empiricism lacked an appreciation of:

A)innate ideas
B)the laws of association
C)volitional processes
D)secondary qualities

Question 12

Wundt's use of introspection most closely resembled that of:

A)St.Augustine
B)the British empiricists
C)Descartes
D)Helmholtzian physiologists

Question 13

The part of the perceptual field that the individual attends to is:

A)perceived
B)apperceived
C)tri-dimensional
D)where the mental chemistry occurs

Question 14

Wundt began the first journal devoted to experimental psychology originally called:

A)Psychological Studies
B)Philosophical Studies
C)Philological Studies
D)Journal of Experimental Psychology

Question 15

Unlike ____,which is passive and automatic,____ is active and voluntary.

A)apperception;perception
B)perception;apperception
C)attention;creative synthesis
D)creative synthesis;attention

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the influences that interact and determine the perceptual field?

A)physical stimulation present
B)the anatomical makeup of the individual
C)the individual's past experience
D)the emotions of the individual

Question 17

Because Wundt believed that individuals could direct their attention anywhere they wished,he referred to his brand of psychology as:

A)functionalism
B)voluntarism
C)structuralism
D)bold and creative

Question 18

According to Wundt,sciences like physics were based on ____ experience,whereas psychology should be based on ____ experience.

A)immediate;mediate
B)mediate;immediate
C)sensory;emotional
D)sensory;physiological

Question 19

According to Donders,the time it took to perform the mental act of discrimination was determined by:

A)subtracting simple reaction time from the reaction time that involved discrimination
B)computing the choice reaction time
C)computing the mental chronometry
D)presenting several different stimuli to subjects,but allowing them to only respond to one,and timing their response

Question 20

Wundt believed that feelings were:

A)related to survival
B)remnants of an earlier evolutionary period and were nonfunctional in modern society
C)various combinations of three attributes
D)unitary experiences that could not be reduced to anything more basic

Question 21

Titchener concluded that there were about ____ identifiable sensations,most of which were related to the sense of ____.

A)1,200;audition
B)40,000;audition
C)400;vision
D)40,000;vision

Question 22

Titchener formed "The Experimentalists" because:

A)he believed the APA was too friendly towards applied topics
B)the APA disagreed with him on what should be included in experimental psychology
C)the APA wanted to allow women to join
D)the APA would not allow him to be president of the organization

Question 23

Concerning verbal communication,Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a(n):

A)general impression
B)unconscious inference
C)Völkerpsychologie
D)creative synthesis

Question 24

In explaining how the elements of thought combined,Titchener emphasized:

A)apperception
B)creative synthesis
C)traditional associationism
D)an active mind

Question 25

Wundt's principle of ____ stated that prolonged experiences of one type cause one to seek the opposite type of experience.

A)contrasts
B)the development of opposites
C)creative resultants
D)the heterogony of ends

Question 26

Wundt's concept of mental chronometry is:

A)the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus
B)the addition of sensations into one perception
C)the time it takes to apperceive an object
D)an accurate cataloging of the time it took to perform various mental acts

Question 27

For Titchener,the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events.

A)what
B)how
C)why
D)for

Question 28

For Titchener,attention was:

A)clearness of sensation
B)the result of apperception
C)explained by the faculties,functions,and powers of the mind
D)nonexistent

Question 29

As evidence for his views on verbal communication,Wundt pointed out that we remember ____ and not ____.

A)specific words;meanings
B)meanings;specific words
C)verbal labels;images
D)images;verbal labels

Question 30

Titchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime.

A)the mind
B)the consciousness
C)general impression
D)the apperceptive mass

Question 31

Which of the following is true?

A)Wundt's voluntarism was within the tradition of British empiricism
B)Titchener was a good representative of Wundt's ideas in America
C)Wundt's voluntarism followed in the rationalistic tradition
D)Wundt's voluntarism followed in the empiricistic/positivistic tradition

Question 32

Titchener defined ____ as the sum total of mental experience at any given moment.

A)the mind
B)the consciousness
C)the apperceptive mass
D)general impression

Question 33

Wundt believed that for effective verbal communication to occur all of the following must occur except:

A)the speaker must apperceive his or her own general impression
B)both the speaker and the listener must use the same words and sentence structures
C)the listener must apperceive the speaker's general impression
D)the speaker must choose words that will effectively express his or her general impression

Question 34

Wundt believed that topics such as religion,social customs,and language could be studied:

A)using historical analysis
B)experimentally
C)using naturalistic observation
D)both using historical analysis and using naturalistic observation

Question 35

Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality were:

A)the same thing
B)experienced only in the mind
C)polar opposites
D)not causal at all

Question 36

For Titchener,a stimulus error consisted of:

A)allowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object
B)seeing something that was not physically present
C)failing to see something that was physically present
D)not allowing an object's meaning to influence one's introspective analysis of that object

Question 37

According to Wundt's principle of ____,something almost always occurred during goal-directed behavior that changed the entire motivational pattern.

A)the heterogony of ends
B)creative resultants
C)contrasts
D)development of opposites

Question 38

Titchener:

A)excluded women from membership in his organization,"The Experimentalists"
B)supervised the research of the first woman to receive a Ph.D.in psychology
C)supervised the research of more female Ph.D.s than any psychologist of his generation
D)all of these choices

Question 39

According to Titchener,all feelings could be explained employing the dimension of:

A)tension-relaxation
B)excitement-clam
C)pleasantness-unpleasantness
D)more than one of the choices

Question 40

Wundt was:

A)a vitalist
B)a determinist
C)against the study of culture
D)the first to use introspection

Question 41

By plotting savings as a function of time,Ebbinghaus created psychology's first:

A)learning curve
B)psychological law
C)retention curve
D)study of meaningfulness

Question 42

According to Vaihinger,the fiction of ____ is at the heart of concepts of morality and jurisprudence.

A)causality
B)freedom
C)God
D)Compassion

Question 43

The term that Brentano used to describe the fact that every mental act refers to something outside itself was:

A)act psychology
B)intentionality
C)phenomenology
D)functionalism

Question 44

Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to:

A)confuse his research subjects
B)free his research material from the influence of prior learning
C)make experimental psychology more compatible with the natural sciences
D)investigate imageless thought

Question 45

The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is driving exemplifies:

A)mental set
B)unconscious inference
C)a determining tendency
D)both mental set and a determining tendency

Question 46

Külpe's technique of ____ involved giving subjects problems to solve and then asking them to report the mental operations they engaged in to solve them.

A)subtractive reaction time
B)intentionality
C)systematic experimental introspection
D)pure phenomenology

Question 47

According to Husserl,experimental psychology:

A)was impossible
B)the only valid type of psychology
C)must precede a search for the essence of consciousness
D)must be preceded by a careful,rigorous phenomenological analysis

Question 48

Regarding the mind-body issue,Titchener referred to himself as a(n):

A)interactionist
B)epiphenomemolist
C)occasionalist
D)psychophysical parallelist

Question 49

Who believed that if an idea was useful it was therefore true?

A)Vaihinger
B)the pragmatists
C)both Vaihinger and the pragmatists
D)neither Vaihinger nor the pragmatists

Question 50

According to the author of this text,the most important reason for the demise of structuralism was its failure to:

A)study normal people
B)seek pure rather than practical knowledge
C)teach lower animals how to introspect
D)assimilate the doctrine of evolution

Question 51

According to Titchener's context theory of meaning,what gives a present sensation its meaning?

A)the rational powers of the mind
B)the image of prior experiences
C)the total present environmental circumstances
D)creative synthesis

Question 52

To study mental acts and intentionality,Brentano used:

A)experimentation
B)pure phenomenology
C)phenomenological introspection
D)Clever Hans

Question 53

Which of the following phenomena did Ebbinghaus not address in his research on memory?

A)overlearning
B)meaningfulness
C)distributed in contrast to massed practice
D)fatigue

Question 54

Which of the following best describes Vaihinger's attitude toward "fictions"?

A)they are acceptable in religion but not in science
B)they are the greatest cause of human distress
C)without them societal living would be impossible
D)they make better reading than "nonfictions"

Question 55

Which of the following questions raised by the Würzburg school contributed to the downfall of structuralism?

A)Was there imageless thought or not?
B)Could introspection be used to study the dynamics of the mind?
C)Is it possible that some individuals have imageless thoughts and other individuals do not?
D)all of these choices

Question 56

It is often found that the supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal is nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously)provided by its trainer.This observation is called the:

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)Clever Hans phenomenon
C)Stumpf phenomenon
D)Würzburg phenomenon

Question 57

Those studying the processes of the mind rather than its contents were called:

A)behaviorists
B)structuralists
C)act psychologists
D)physical monists

Question 58

Unlike Wundt,Külpe believed that some thoughts were:

A)of sensations
B)of images
C)imageless
D)of feelings

Question 59

For Stumpf,the proper objects of study for psychology were:

A)the elements of thought
B)elemental feelings
C)mental phenomena
D)physiological mechanisms

Question 60

Ebbinghaus was the first to study:

A)cognitive processes experimentally
B)learning and memory as associative processes
C)learning and memory as they occurred
D)intentionality

Question 61

Discuss the ideas of imageless thought and mental set that came out of the research of the Würzburg school.

Question 62

Titchener wanted his subjects to report perceptions,not just sensations.

Question 63

Külpe argued that there were thoughts that were imageless.

Question 64

Briefly discuss some of the results of Ebbinghaus's work on memory.

Question 65

For Brentano and Stumpf,mental events should be broken down into basic elements for study.

Question 66

Describe the similarities and differences in the phenomenologies of Brentano and Stumpf.

Question 67

Brentano's views came to be called act psychology.

Question 68

Discuss what Titchener saw as the set of goals for psychology.

Question 69

Wundt,as a result of his experiment with the "thought meter," concluded that experimental psychology must stress selective attention.

Question 70

The first woman to receive a Ph.D.in psychology was Titchener's first doctoral candidate.

Question 71

Husserl's goal was to create a taxonomy of the mind.

Question 72

Ebbinghaus,like others,studied learning and memory after they had occurred.

Question 73

The first psychology lab was created by Wundt in 1879.

Question 74

Wundt believed that experimental psychology could be used to study both basic processes and higher mental processes.

Question 75

Structuralism was essentially an attempt to study scientifically what had been the philosophical concerns of the past.

Question 76

Discuss Wundt's analysis of psychological and physical causation.

Question 77

For Titchener,the goals of psychology were the what,how,and why of mental life.

Question 78

To study memory,Ebbinghaus developed a measure called savings.

Question 79

For Wundt,elements of thought that are attended to can be arranged and rearranged as the person wills,which he called apperception.

Question 80

Wundt believed psychological and physical causation were polar opposites.