Deck 7: Romanticism and Existentialism

Question 1

According to Rousseau,for a government to be effective it must be based on:

A)an absolute monarchy
B)the private will
C)the general will
D)unanimous agreement among members of the community

Answer 1

the general will

Question 2

For Rousseau,the best guide for human conduct was (were):

A)a person's honest feelings and inclinations
B)religious principles
C)the categorical imperative
D)rationally derived moral principles

Answer 2

a person's honest feelings and inclinations

Question 3

The statement,"Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains" is associated with:

A)Hume
B)Locke
C)Goethe
D)Rousseau

Answer 3

Rousseau

Question 4

The romantics defined the good life as one lived in accordance with:

A)natural law
B)God's will
C)one's own inner nature
D)rationally derived moral principles

Question 5

Rousseau believed that education should:

A)stimulate the development of a child's natural impulses
B)strengthen the mental faculties
C)provide the child with time-tested,culturally relevant information
D)emphasize the basic skills such as reading,writing,and arithmetic

Question 6

Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who was uncontaminated by society as a(n):

A)Emile
B)noble savage
C)existentialist
D)romantic

Question 7

Hobbes,along with many theologians and philosophers,believed human nature to be ____,whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____.

A)rational;impulsive
B)good;animalistic
C)animalistic;good
D)good;selfish

Question 8

The romantic philosophers said that humans possess many characteristics which we need to take into account.Which of the following is not one of them?

A)irrational feelings
B)intuitions
C)instincts
D)logistics

Question 9

According to the romantics,the best way to find out what humans were really like was to study the:

A)rational powers
B)ideas that were derived from experience
C)apperceptive mass
D)total person

Question 10

Which of the following characterized Rousseau's utopian society?

A)ownership of private property
B)democratic elections
C)the encouragement of individuals to act in accordance with their private will
D)the surrender of the individual will to the general will

Question 11

The book,Emile,was written about education in the form of a novel.Who was the author?

A)Schopenhauer
B)Kierkegaard
C)Nietzsche
D)Rousseau

Question 12

Which one of the following did Rousseau trust as a guide for human conduct?

A)reason
B)personal feelings
C)science
D)religion

Question 13

For Rousseau,the only justifiable government was one that:

A)controls behavior with force
B)allows humans to reach their full potential and express free will
C)allows people to express hedonistic pursuits
D)rules by categorical imperative

Question 14

Rousseau's concept of the general will refers to:

A)living out one's social contract
B)a person's private will
C)the type of government that is best for all
D)innate tendency to live harmoniously with one's fellow humans

Question 15

____ is generally thought of as the father of romanticism.

A)Hegel
B)Goethe
C)Rousseau
D)Kierkegaard

Question 16

According to Rousseau,all the governments of his time were based on the faulty assumption that:

A)humans are rational
B)humans need to be protected from themselves
C)humans need to be governed
D)the best government is one that provides the greatest good for the greatest number

Question 17

The limits of human rationality was questioned by:

A)Descartes
B)Hume
C)Kant
D)both Hume and Kant

Question 18

Rousseau supported Protestantism in that he believed:

A)that God's existence could be defended on the basis of individual feeling
B)that in order to know of God's existence,we must trust the church
C)human nature is inherently evil
D)humans need to be governed by the church

Question 19

The Enlightenment is also referred to as:

A)the Age of Reason
B)romanticism
C)existentialism
D)humanism

Question 20

Which of the following characterized the Enlightenment?

A)rationality and the methods of science were glorified
B)a belief that societal perfection could be approximated
C)a belief that knowledge was power
D)all of these choices

Question 21

Goethe viewed science as:

A)the new religion
B)useless
C)useful but limited
D)the only valid way of attaining accurate knowledge about the world and about ourselves

Question 22

Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music,poetry,or art.

A)repression
B)resistance
C)compensation
D)sublimation

Question 23

Goethe viewed ____ as the ultimate source of happiness.

A)vast material wealth
B)hedonism
C)a union with God
D)liberty

Question 24

Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate,good and evil?

A)Rousseau
B)Nietzsche
C)Goethe
D)Schopenhauer

Question 25

Goethe's idea to embrace the opposing forces present in life had a direct influence on:

A)Freud
B)Jung
C)Schopenhauer
D)Nietsche

Question 26

The basis of Schopenhauer's philosophy was the distinction between the noumenal and phenomenal worlds proposed by:

A)Kant
B)Rousseau
C)Goethe
D)Freud

Question 27

According to Schopenhauer,when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied we feel:

A)bored
B)self-actualized
C)at one with God
D)extreme pleasure

Question 28

According to Kierkegaard,God gave humans a way of dealing with the "absolute paradox" and that was:

A)faith
B)sense receptors
C)reasoning ability
D)guilt

Question 29

Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because:

A)not to do so is a sin
B)it is so enjoyable
C)they fear death
D)that is what they have been taught to do

Question 30

According to Schopenhauer,the will to survive caused:

A)humans to seek a union with God
B)human rationality
C)an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction
D)a feeling of kinship between humans and nonhuman animals

Question 31

Kierkegaard believed that truth was:

A)subjective
B)whatever could be proven logically or scientifically
C)whatever a person believed privately and emotionally
D)both subjective and whatever a person believed privately and emotionally

Question 32

Schopenhauer believed that life was best viewed as:

A)an opportunity to become self-actualized
B)the postponement of death
C)an opportunity to do God's work
D)something that only truly begins after death

Question 33

According to Kierkegaard,the ultimate state of being was arrived at when the individual decided to:

A)return to nature
B)embrace God and take God's existence on faith
C)live a life based on rational principles
D)seek pleasure and avoid pain

Question 34

According to Schopenhauer ____ suffer the most.

A)intelligent humans
B)unintelligent humans
C)nonhuman animals
D)plants

Question 35

Kierkegaard believed that the existence of God:

A)could be proven by studying nature
B)could be proven by logic
C)had to be taken on faith
D)was of no consequence to his philosophy

Question 36

According to Kierkegaard:

A)God was dead
B)for most people a genuine,personal relationship with God did not exist
C)more emphasis needed to be placed on logic and rationality
D)it was correct that the government of Denmark elevated the clergy to the status of civil servants

Question 37

According to Schopenhauer,when the blind,aimless universal will manifested itself in a particular organism it became:

A)a communion with God
B)the will to survive
C)a revealed truth
D)essentially the same thing as what the empiricists called an idea

Question 38

According to Rousseau,all of the following were aspects of the optimal condition for learning except:

A)a child and a tutor
B)a child's natural interests
C)a natural setting
D)a curriculum designed to teach basic knowledge

Question 39

Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the:

A)subconscious
B)unconscious
C)apperceptive mass
D)consciousness

Question 40

Which of the following is not part of the existential philosophy?

A)uniqueness of each individual
B)freedom of choice
C)the importance of rational thought
D)stressing the meaning of human existence

Question 41

According to Kierkegaard,the ethical stage consisted of:

A)people open to experiences who seek out many forms of pleasure,but they do not recognize their ability to choose
B)people accepting the responsibility of making choices,but using as their guides ethical principles established by others
C)people recognizing and accepting their freedom and entering into a personal relationship with God
D)people assuming that God is dead

Question 42

Nietzsche believed that all of the following except:

A)anything that increases a person's power was good
B)without human companionship,human existence was meaningless
C)anything that does not kill a person strengthened him or her
D)happiness was the feeling that one's power was growing

Question 43

According to Nietzsche,all of the following characterized the life of the superman except:

A)self-expansion through experimentation with life
B)humility and self-restraint
C)becoming
D)individualism

Question 44

Nietzsche believed that:

A)there was a God who cared for us
B)the earth occupied a favored position in the universe
C)evolutionary theory had made human existence more meaningful
D)a person had to create whatever meaning his or her life was going to have

Question 45

Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____,whereas Nietzsche believed they should be ____.

A)nurtured;eliminated
B)repressed;expressed
C)expressed;repressed
D)eliminated;repressed

Question 46

Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if:

A)every individual strove to be all that he or she could be
B)philosophers would become kings
C)fewer individuals strove to become supermen
D)materialistic philosophy were accepted

Question 47

According to Kierkegaard,the aesthetic stage consisted of:

A)people open to experiences who seek out many forms of pleasure,but they do not recognize their ability to choose
B)people accepting the responsibility of making choices,but using as their guides ethical principles established by others
C)people recognizing and accepting their freedom and entering into a personal relationship with God
D)people assuming that God is dead

Question 48

Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifested itself in the desire for predictability and orderliness.

A)Apollonian
B)Dionysian
C)existential
D)romantic

Question 49

At the heart of Nietzsche's psychology is the tension between:

A)Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies
B)the church and the state
C)science and religion
D)good and evil

Question 50

For Nietzsche,the most basic motive for human behavior was:

A)the will to survive
B)the will to power
C)hedonism
D)to act in accordance with God's will

Question 51

Nietzsche believed that:

A)all human behavior is determined
B)life without the restraints of religion is certain to be chaotic
C)people are their own creation
D)the only free people are artists

Question 52

Kierkegaard and Nietzsche had all of the following in common except:

A)criticism of Hegel's philosophy
B)rejection of what was conventionally accepted
C)criticism of the organized church and science
D)a belief in God

Question 53

Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom:

A)aesthetic ® ethical ® religious
B)religious ® aesthetic ® ethical
C)ethical ® aesthetic ® religious
D)religious ® ethical ® aesthetic

Question 54

According to Kierkegaard,the religious stage consisted of:

A)people open to experiences who seek out many forms of pleasure,but they do not recognize their ability to choose
B)people accepting the responsibility of making choices,but using as their guides ethical principles established by others
C)people recognizing and accepting their freedom and entering into a personal relationship with God
D)people assuming that God is dead

Question 55

Nietzsche's ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy.

A)perspectivism
B)emphasis on human rationality
C)belief in God
D)determinism

Question 56

In contemporary psychology,romanticism and existentialism have combined to form:

A)behaviorism
B)psychoanalysis
C)Gestalt psychology
D)third force psychology

Question 57

According to Nietzsche,the difference between freedom and slavery is:

A)freedom
B)an illusion
C)a matter of choice
D)a miracle

Question 58

For Nietzsche,people approaching their full potential are:

A)pseudogods
B)supermen
C)fully functional
D)self-actualized

Question 59

Nietzsche believed that the best life reflected:

A)rationality
B)irrationality
C)controlled passion
D)the love of God

Question 60

Nietzsche considered himself primarily as a:

A)psychologist
B)philosopher
C)theologian
D)priest

Question 61

The major difference between Keirkegaard and Nietzsche was that Kierkegaard believed in God and Nietzsche said God was dead.

Question 62

Goethe stated that we need to deny and overcome the opposing forces of life's experiences.

Question 63

Rousseau's general will described what is best within a community.

Question 64

For Nietzsche,the Apollonian aspect of human nature represents our rational side.

Question 65

Describe Goethe's ideas and views and their impact on the development of psychology.

Question 66

Rousseau thought that human nature was animalistic and selfish and must be controlled by others (i.e.government).

Question 67

Schopenhauer proposed that the amount of suffering is related to awareness of the organism;the lower the organism,the greater the suffering.

Question 68

Romanticism and existentialism were reactions to and criticisms of the enlightenment philosophy.

Question 69

Describe Rousseau's philosophy and views of humans and human nature,including feelings vs.reason and his view of the "noble savage."

Question 70

For existentialism,the most important aspect of humans is their ability to be rational.

Question 71

Romantics believed that rational thought had led humans astray in search for valid information about human behavior.

Question 72

Describe Kierkegaard's ideas on truth and knowing God.

Question 73

Describe Schopenhauer's concept of the will to survive.

Question 74

Schopenhauer saw life as a life and death struggle with death as the ultimate victor.

Question 75

Schopenhauer believed all humans have positive and negative impulses.

Question 76

For Kierkegaard,approximation of personal freedom occurs in stages.

Question 77

Nietzsche did not accept determinism.

Question 78

Discuss Nietzsche's two aspects of human nature and how he applied them to the psychology of humans.

Question 79

Nietzsche's perspectivism was in agreement with Enlightenment philosophy.

Question 80

Kierkegaard believed that truth is what a person believes privately and emotionally.