Deck 6: Rationalism

Question 1

According to Spinoza,all human emotions were derived from:

A)notions of good and evil
B)the experiences of pleasure and pain
C)the passions
D)love and hate

Answer 1

the experiences of pleasure and pain

Question 2

According to Leibniz,there was nothing in the mind that was not first in the senses except for:

A)mathematical knowledge
B)the mind itself
C)what God revealed
D)knowledge of moral principles

Answer 2

the mind itself

Question 3

Spinoza believed the master motive for human behavior and thought to be:

A)self-preservation
B)self-actualization
C)utilitarianism
D)repressed memories

Answer 3

self-preservation

Question 4

According to Spinoza,we feel good when we:

A)act for the good of other humans
B)find clear ideas
C)act in accordance with the dictates of the Christian church
D)act contrary to natural law

Question 5

Both Bacon and Descartes attempted to:

A)describe humans as machines
B)overcome the philosophical mistakes and biases of the past
C)show how the scientific method could be used to study human thought processes
D)show the similarities between human and nonhuman animals

Question 6

Spinoza's concept of ____ could have been called unconscious determinants of behavior in Freud's psychoanalysis.

A)emotion
B)reason
C)panpsychism
D)passion

Question 7

The clearest distinction between rationalism and empiricism can be made with regard to the acceptance or rejection of:

A)sensory information
B)mental phenomena
C)a concept of mind
D)innate ideas or principles

Question 8

In accounting for behavior,the empiricist tended to emphasize ____,whereas the rationalist tended to emphasize ____.

A)causes;reasons
B)reasons;causes
C)associative principles;hedonism
D)hedonism;associative principles

Question 9

Pantheism is the belief that:

A)God is everywhere and in everything
B)God created the universe and then was no longer concerned with it
C)humans attribute human characteristics to God
D)a concept of God is unnecessary

Question 10

Panpsychism is the belief that:

A)God is everywhere and in everything
B)everything in nature has consciousness (mental processes)
C)humans created God in their own image
D)only humans possess a mind

Question 11

For Spinoza,our "freedom" (free will)consists:

A)of knowing that everything that is must necessarily be
B)in violation of natural law
C)in living a life governed by hedonism
D)in accepting either Christianity or Judaism

Question 12

Malebranche suggested that ideas are not innate and that they come only from:

A)experience
B)empirical investigation
C)God
D)psychophysical parallelism

Question 13

What distinguished the empiricists from the rationalist was the former tended to postulate a(n)____,whereas the latter tended to postulate a(n)____.

A)mind;brain
B)brain;mind
C)active mind;passive mind
D)passive mind;active mind

Question 14

According to Spinoza,behavior and thoughts guided by ____ were conducive to survival,but behavior and thoughts guided by ____ were not.

A)clear thinking/emotion
B)reason/clear thinking
C)faith/reason
D)reason/passion

Question 15

For Leibniz,sensory experience was important because it:

A)produced the ideas that occurred in the mind
B)provided the pleasurable and painful experiences that guide our behavior
C)allowed the potential ideas within us to become actualized
D)provided another way of knowing God

Question 16

____ can be viewed as parallelism with divine intervention.

A)Occasionalism
B)Idealistic monism
C)Epiphenomenalism
D)Materialistic monism

Question 17

According to Bernard,Spinoza's belief in ____ did much to influence the development of scientific psychology.

A)panpsychism
B)pantheism
C)psychic determinism
D)self-preservation

Question 18

By equating God and nature,Spinoza:

A)eliminated the distinction between the sacred and the secular
B)denied the existence of an anthropomorphic God and revelation
C)embraced pantheism
D)all of these choices

Question 19

Spinoza viewed the mind and the body as:

A)separate but interactive
B)separate but parallel
C)inseparable
D)the same thing

Question 20

According to ____,when a person has a desire to move his arm,God is aware of this desire and moves the person's arm.

A)Leibniz
B)Malebranche
C)Spinoza
D)Reid

Question 21

According to Leibniz,a conscious experience always:

A)combined primary and secondary qualities
B)reflected the culmination of a number of unconscious experiences
C)was a human experience
D)elicited either a feeling of pleasure or pain

Question 22

Which of the following is a common misconception of faculty psychologists?

A)faculty psychologists are those who refer to various mental abilities in their descriptions of the mind
B)faculty meant a classification category
C)a faculty of the mind was housed in a specific location in the brain
D)mental faculties are active powers of the mind

Question 23

On the mind-body issue,Leibniz believed that they never influence each other;it only seems as if they do,This is called:

A)psychophysical parallelism
B)epiphenomenalism
C)interactionism
D)occasionalism

Question 24

The belief that the world is as we immediately experience it is called:

A)direct realism
B)epiphenomenalism
C)petites perceptions
D)faculty psychology

Question 25

According to Leibniz's law of continuity:

A)events experienced together are remembered together
B)humans and nonhuman animals are qualitatively different
C)there are no leaps or gaps in nature
D)the more frequently events are experienced together,the stronger the association between them

Question 26

According to Leibniz,everything in the world consisted of living,conscious atoms,which he called:

A)Godicles
B)ideas
C)monads
D)primary qualities

Question 27

Kant believed the categories of thought to be:

A)relatively unimportant
B)derived from experience
C)innate
D)present everywhere in nature

Question 28

For Leibniz,his monadology gave consciousness to:

A)God only
B)only God and humans
C)only God,humans and nonhuman animals
D)everything in the universe

Question 29

Leibniz referred to the point at which an experience becomes strong enough to cause awareness as the:

A)limen
B)preconscious
C)petites perceptions
D)modular level

Question 30

Kant stated,"a mind without concepts would..."

A)have no capacity to think.
B)be lost without sensory data.
C)be lost without empirical data.
D)not be able to use the word all.

Question 31

Leibniz's term for perceptions that occurred below the level of awareness was:

A)secondary quality
B)petites perceptions
C)epiphenomenon
D)more than one of these choices

Question 32

Which of the following is true concerning monads?

A)Next to God,humans possess the monads capable of the clearest thinking.
B)Only inanimate objects possess monads.
C)Only God possesses enough monads for clear thinking.
D)Only humans possess enough monads for clear thinking.

Question 33

According to Reid:

A)there was no mind
B)there were no faculties of the mind
C)the faculties of the mind were aspects of a unified mind and never functioned in isolation to one another
D)our perceptions accurately reflected environmental events only after those events were acted on by our rational mind

Question 34

Kant agreed with Hume that:

A)we can never experience the physical world directly
B)humans have no notion of causation
C)all knowledge is derived from sensory experience alone
D)there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses

Question 35

Leibniz's term for awareness was:

A)petites perceptions
B)limen
C)apperception
D)epiphenomenon

Question 36

According to Reid,if Hume's logic caused him (Hume)to conclude that we could never know the physical world,then:

A)we had an example of the folly of unabated rationalism
B)we could probably never know the physical world
C)something was wrong with Hume's logic
D)we must rely on God to reveal the nature of the physical world to us

Question 37

According to Reid,we could trust our notions about the physical world because:

A)of the acuteness of the senses
B)it made common sense to do so
C)Hume's logic was faulty
D)such notions are innate

Question 38

A major difference between Descartes and Leibniz was that Leibniz:

A)represented idealistic monism
B)encouraged the study of consciousness in nonhuman animals
C)explained all of the behavior of nonhuman animals and much human behavior in mechanistic terms
D)postulated an active mind

Question 39

According to Reid,the mind reasoned and the stomach digested food because:

A)both were related to survival
B)they were innately disposed to do so
C)God willed it that way
D)both the stomach and the mind were machines

Question 40

According to Kant,our phenomenological experience resulted from:

A)sensory experience alone
B)innate ideas
C)categories of thought alone
D)the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought

Question 41

Hebart's goal was to mathematically express the relationship among several aspects of the mind.Which of the following is not among those aspects of the mind?

A)apperceptive mass
B)the limen
C)perceived sensations
D)the conflict among ideas

Question 42

In a discipline that Kant called ____,he discussed such topics as gender differences,marriage,insanity and production and control of human behavior.

A)philosophy
B)anthropology
C)monadology
D)direct realism

Question 43

Herbart's concepts of the unconscious,repression,and conflict most likely affected the theory of ____.

A)Fechner
B)Freud
C)Watson
D)Titchener

Question 44

Kant called the rational principle that either does or should govern moral behavior:

A)hedonism
B)the categorical imperative
C)utilitarianism
D)formal discipline

Question 45

Which one of the following is not one of the three parts of the dialectic process of Hegel?

A)synthesis
B)antithesis
C)thesis
D)conflict

Question 46

Herbart felt psychology could not be an experimental science because:

A)humans possess a free will
B)the mind could not be fractionated for analysis
C)it diminished human dignity
D)subjective experience could not be studied objectively

Question 47

Herbart was one of the first to:

A)apply a mathematical model to psychology
B)use the concept of threshold
C)claim that some ideas were innate
D)propose an experimental science of psychology

Question 48

According to Kant:

A)we must be forever ignorant of physical reality
B)Hume's contention that we can never know the physical world was just plain silly
C)physical reality is just as we perceive it to be
D)we can trust that our sensory experience accurately reflects physical reality because God would not deceive us

Question 49

About psychology,Kant believed:

A)that in order for it to be a science,it must focus on empirical research
B)that in order for it to be a science,it must focus on the categories of thought
C)psychology could not become an experimental science
D)that the mind must be studied scientifically through introspection

Question 50

Psychic mechanics was Herbart's system which stated:

A)ideas have the power to either attract or repel other ideas
B)the mind cannot be fractionated
C)ideas can never be completely destroyed
D)unconscious ideas constitute conscious ideas

Question 51

According to Kant,the experiences of space and time:

A)provided the context for all mental phenomena
B)were produced by innate categories of thought
C)resulted from sensations acted on by the laws of association
D)both provided the context for all mental phenomena and were produced by innate categories of thought

Question 52

By alienation,Hegel meant the realization that:

A)one's mind existed apart from The Absolute
B)people were separated from the fruits of their labor
C)people become separated from their natural tendency toward self-actualization
D)people had become separated from their basic roots in nature

Question 53

According to Herbart,an idea was allowed to enter consciousness if it was:

A)compatible with a person's moral code
B)adaptive
C)compatible with the apperceptive mass
D)clear and intense

Question 54

Which of the following is not consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers?

A)Review the material that has already been learned.
B)Prepare the student for new material by giving an overview of what is coming next.
C)Relate new material to what has already been learned.
D)Show applications of new material before the concepts have been describeD.

Question 55

Which of the following is not part of Herbart's philosophy?

A)ideas had the power to attract or repel each other
B)ideas struggled to gain consciousness
C)the same idea could at one time be conscious and at another time be unconscious
D)ideas in consciousness are called qualitative mass

Question 56

When one cycle of the dialectic process is complete,the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle.

A)thesis
B)antithesis
C)synthesis
D)Absolute

Question 57

Herbart used this term to describe the force used to hold ideas incompatible with the apperceptive mass in the unconscious.

A)limen
B)apperceptive mass
C)repression
D)psychic mechanics

Question 58

According to Herbart,the ____ contained all of the ideas to which we were attending.

A)mind
B)empirical ego
C)apperceptive mass
D)transcendental ego

Question 59

For Hegel,the only true understanding was an understanding of:

A)natural law
B)the dialectic process
C)The Absolute
D)the forms

Question 60

According to Herbart,if material presented to a student is not compatible with his or her apperceptive mass,the material will:

A)cause anxiety
B)be rejected or at least will not be understood
C)create an approach-avoidance conflict
D)cause a creative change in the apperceptive mass

Question 61

Rationalism emphasizes reasons for behavior.

Question 62

Regarding the mind-body issue,Leibniz proposed a psychophysical parallelism with preestablished harmony.

Question 63

Describe and analyze Leibniz's monadology.

Question 64

For Hegel,human intellect progressed toward The Absolute by the dialectic process.

Question 65

Kant said that sensory impressions are structured by the categories of thought and our phenomenological experience.

Question 66

Describe/discuss Reid's common sense philosophy,direct realism,and faculty psychology.

Question 67

Herbart's concepts of the unconscious,repression,and conflict surprisingly did not find their way into Freud's psychology.

Question 68

For Reid,faculties were aspects of the mind that did not actually exist but did influence human behavior and thought.

Question 69

Describe Hegel's dialectic process.

Question 70

Empiricists and rationalists agreed on the concept of the active mind.

Question 71

Spinoza made distinctions between emotion and passion.

Question 72

Leibniz proposed that the universe was made of monads,but these monads did not have consciousness.

Question 73

Describe Kant's categories of thought and causes of mental experience.

Question 74

Herbart's system was referred to as psychic mechanics.

Question 75

Herbart thought that the activities of the mind could be expressed mathematically,and in that sense psychology could be a science.

Question 76

Thomas Reid proposed a commonsense philosophy.

Question 77

Kant's categorical imperative controlled the categories of thought.

Question 78

Discuss Spinoza's views on passions and emotions.

Question 79

Spinoza believed that God was nature,present everywhere and in everything.

Question 80

Hegel's process for seeking knowledge was the one proposed by Aristotle.