Deck 11: Basic Data Analysis for Quantitative Research

Question 1

In ANOVA, which of the following conditions implies that the chances of the differences being statistically significant are greater?

A)When the variance within groups approaches unity
B)When the variance across groups is very low
C)When the variance across groups is significantly higher compared to that within groups
D)When the variance across groups is significantly lower compared to that within groups
E)When the variance across groups is the same as that within groups

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true regarding choosing appropriate statistical techniques?

A)When researchers need to examine multiple variables, a bivariate statistical technique is required.
B)With nominal data, the mean is most appropriate measure of central tendency.
C)Parametric statistics are appropriate when the data is measured using an interval or ratio scale and the sample size is large.
D)Nonparametric statistics are used in the case of a normal distribution.
E)When data is measured using an ordinal or nominal scale it is generally appropriate to use parametric statistics.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Variance is:

A)the average squared deviations about the mean of a distribution of values.
B)an empirically testable statement that is an unproven supposition developed in order to explain phenomena.
C)a statement that asserts the status quo; that is, any change from what has been thought to be true is due to random sampling order.
D)a statement that is the opposite of the null hypothesis.
E)the error made by rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following measures is especially useful when dealing with ordinal data and data that is skewed to either the right or left?

A)Mean
B)Median
C)Mode
D)Standard deviation
E)Variance

Question 5

Assume that the mean of a distribution is ten and standard deviation is 2. If we subtracted each value in that distribution from the mean and added them up, the result would be close to:

A)100
B)2
C)50
D)0
E)200

Question 6

When male students are compared to female students on the average number of hours they study each weekday, this is an example of:

A)independent samples.
B)dependent samples.
C)related samples.
D)random groups.
E)paired samples.

Question 7

A researcher is told that the average age of respondents in a survey is 49 years. She is interested in finding out if most respondents are close to 49 years or not. The measure most appropriate to answer this question is:

A)mean.
B)median.
C)mode.
D)range.
E)standard deviation.

Question 8

In a one-way ANOVA, the term one-way is used because:

A)the differences are always positive because they are all squared before being added.
B)the F-statistic can move in only one direction.
C)only one independent variable is used in the analysis.
D)only one mean is used as the null hypothesis.
E)the null hypothesis always states that there is no difference between the dependent variable groups.

Question 9

In a survey of 400 respondents, 180 indicated their gender as males and 200 indicated their gender as females. Twenty respondents did not fill out any value for gender. When doing a frequency count on gender, the percentage column and the valid percentage column for males would be:

A)45% and 50%
B)50% and 50%
C)45% and 47.4%
D)47.4% and 45%
E)47.4% and 50%

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the Chi-square test is false?

A)When the differences between observed and expected frequencies are large, one must accept the null hypothesis.
B)The larger the Chi-square, the more related the two variables are.
C)The expected frequencies are theoretically calculated.
D)The Chi-square test is also called a "goodness of fit" test.
E)Chi-square analysis works best with data that are measured on a nominal scale.

Question 11

Under which of the following conditions is the null hypothesis rejected most strongly?

A)F ratio = 0.01
B)F ratio = 0.05
C)F ratio = 1.0
D)F ratio = 1.5
E)F ratio = 5.0

Question 12

The difference between a particular response and the distribution mean is called a(n):

A)deviation.
B)standard deviation.
C)variance.
D)ANOVA.
E)MANOVA.

Question 13

Which test is especially useful when the sample size is less than 30 and the population standard deviation is unknown?

A)t-test
B)z-test
C)ANOVA
D)F-test
E)n-way ANOVA

Question 14

The minimum and maximum values for five datasets are given below. Pick the pair that has the maximum range.

A)3 and 39
B)30 and 40
C)500 and 501
D)49 and 59
E)1029 and 1049

Question 15

Which of the following statements is false regarding hypotheses?

A)Hypotheses may be derived from previous research, theory, or the current business situation.
B)A hypothesis is an unproven supposition.
C)Hypotheses are developed prior to data collection.
D)The alternative hypothesis states that there is a difference between group means.
E)The null hypothesis is typically not tested.

Question 16

If consumers rate price at a McDonald's restaurant on a 7-point scale using 1 for Unsatisfactory and 7 for Satisfactory, a mean score of 2.34 would be interpreted as:

A)a satisfactory price.
B)a very satisfactory price.
C)a neutral price.
D)an unsatisfactory price.
E)an average price.

Question 17

When comparing means from independent samples, one needs to test if the variances of the two samples are equal or not. In order to test for the equivalence of variance, one can do which of the following tests?

A)t-test
B)Levene's test
C)Paired sample t-test
D)Independent sample t-test
E)ANOVA

Question 18

Which of the following statements is false about cross-tabulation?

A)It is the primary form of data analysis in some marketing research projects.
B)It is used to determine if differences exist among sub-groups of the total sample.
C)Generally speaking, demographic variables are used as rows and other research variables are used as columns in a cross-tab.
D)It reports both absolute frequencies as well as percentages.
E)The selection of variables for a cross-tab should be driven by the objectives of the research study.

Question 19

If a marketing manager wants to be 95 percent certain of a result in a statistical test, the significance level should be set at:

A)0.95
B)0.02
C)0.03
D)0.04
E)0.05

Question 20

Which of the following statements is false?

A)A population parameter is a measured characteristic of an entire population.
B)In order to assess the validity of their findings, researchers compare the value of their sample statistic to the corresponding population parameter.
C)Generally, the actual population parameters are unknown.
D)The cost of finding the population parameter is prohibitive for most populations.
E)A sample is subset of the population.

Question 21

If the number of data observations is even, the median is generally considered to be the average of the two middle values.

Question 22

In order to use the formula to calculate standard deviation, one must first calculate the mean of the distribution.

Question 23

If the variance between groups is 3 and the variance within groups is 2, the F-ratio is:

A)1
B)0.67
C)5
D)1.5
E)9 / 4

Question 24

Perceptual mapping can be used to do all of the following, EXCEPT:

A)identify gaps in perceptions thereby helping to position new products.
B)compare a brand's sales to that of its competitors.
C)identify the image of a company relative to that of its competition.
D)assess advertisement effectiveness in positioning a brand.
E)assess similarities of brands and channel outlets.

Question 25

Which of the following tests is designed to examine multiple independent variables at the same time?

A)t-test
B)z-test
C)ANOVA
D)F-test
E)n-way ANOVA

Question 26

The purpose of inferential statistics is to make a determination about a population on the basis of a sample from that population.

Question 27

The t-test is used with interval and nominal data.

Question 28

When constructing a cross-tabulation table, the researcher selects the variables based on the objectives of the research project.

Question 29

A cross-tabulation is a frequency distribution of responses on one or more sets of variables.

Question 30

Univariate statistics uses only one variable at a time to generalize about a population from a sample.

Question 31

Which of the following statements about Scheffe test is incorrect?

A)It is a kind of a follow-up (or post hoc) test.
B)It is a rather conservative test.
C)It is equivalent to simultaneous two-tailed hypothesis tests.
D)The confidence intervals tend to be narrower in this method than in other methods.
E)The method holds the experimental error rate to α.

Question 32

The range is a measure of dispersion that describes the variability in a distribution of numbers.

Question 33

Measures of central tendency locate the distance from the center of the distribution.

Question 34

The null hypothesis asserts the status quo.

Question 35

In independent samples, the questions are independent but the respondents are the same.

Question 36

One solution to small counts in individual cells (for doing a chi-square test) is to collapse them into fewer cells to get larger counts.

Question 37

If the sample size is larger than 30 for one group, the researcher should utilize the t-distribution to test for significant differences.

Question 38

Perceptual mapping is a process that is used to:

A)do a geodemographic segmentation of the target market.
B)determine how people perceive a firm's customer service.
C)do GPS based retail location estimations.
D)develop maps that show respondents' perceptions of a company, product, service, brand, or any other object in two dimensions.
E)determine how one dimension of a service intercepts another dimension.

Question 39

Chi-square analysis compares the observed frequencies (counts) of the responses with the expected frequencies.

Question 40

If the means of two groups are same, then the underlying distributions of the two groups must also be the same.

Question 41

When one independent variable is studied across three or more groups, this is known as a one-way ANOVA.

Question 42

How are sample statistics different from population parameters?

Question 43

Distinguish between independent samples and paired samples?

Question 44

The smaller the difference in the variance between groups, the larger the F ratio.

Question 45

Discuss how standard deviation is a more comprehensive measure of dispersion than range.

Question 46

Which test would you use to determine if the frequencies reported in cross-tabulations are statistically different?

Question 47

An example of a conservative follow-up test is the Scheffe test.

Question 48

ANOVA cannot identify which pairs of means are significantly different from each other.

Question 49

Perceptual maps are visual representations of respondents' perceptions of a company, product, service, brand, or any other object in three dimensions.

Question 50

When would you use ANOVA instead of a chi-square test?