Deck 5: The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Articulations

Question 1

Which of the following are examples of articular fibrocartilage?

A) the intervertebral discs
B) the menisci of the knee
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Answer 1

both A and B

Question 2

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation is an example of what type of stretching?

A) active stretching
B) passive stretching
C) ballistic stretching
D) none of the above

Answer 2

passive stretching

Question 3

The knee is an example of which type joint?

A) fibrous
B) synarthroses
C) synovial
D) amphiarthroses

Answer 3

synovial

Question 4

A triaxial joint allows which of the following movements?

A) flexion and extension
B) abduction and adduction
C) rotation and circumduction
D) all of the above

Question 5

Which of the following is not associated with synarthrodial joints?

A) typically weak
B) fibrous
C) immovable
D) sutures of the skull

Question 6

Which of the following does not affect the range of motion at a joint?

A) the degree of tonus of surrounding muscles and ligaments
B) the shape of the articular surfaces
C) the exercise habits of the individual
D) the number of proprioceptors present at the joint

Question 7

Which of the following joint injuries is accompanied by inflammation?

A) sprains
B) dislocations
C) bursitis
D) all of the above

Question 8

Where are Golgi tendon organs located?

A) in tendons
B) in the junctions between muscles and their tendons
C) interspersed throughout the fibers of muscles
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 9

Which of the following terms does not fit with the others?

A) carpals
B) short bones
C) gliding movements
D) uniaxial

Question 10

Hinge joints have how many axes?

A) none
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3

Question 11

Which of the following is/are true regarding amphiarthrodial joints?

A) Hyaline cartilage holds the bones together.
B) They are slightly moveable.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 12

Which type of flexibility accompanies the ROM achieved by actively contracting the antagonist muscle?

A) static flexibility
B) dynamic flexibility
C) passive stretching
D) none of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is associated with triaxial joints?

A) ball and socket
B) 3 axes
C) hip
D) all of the above

Question 14

The technique of muscle stretching known as proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is based on responses elicited from which of the following?

A) Golgi tendon organs
B) muscle spindles
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 15

The stretch reflex, or myotatic reflex, is provoked by activation of which of the following in a stretched muscle?

A) muscle spindles
B) Golgi tendon organs
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 16

Which of the following are functions of articular cartilage?

A) minimize friction and wear at a joint
B) protect against joint dislocation
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 17

Which of the following characterizes the "close-packed position" at a joint?

A) joint stability is minimum
B) muscular tension is maximum
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 18

Which of the following refers to the stretching of muscles, tendons, and ligaments by a force other than tension in the antagonist muscles?

A) active stretching
B) passive stretching
C) ballistic stretching
D) none of the above

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint?

A) hip
B) carpals
C) elbow
D) base of thumb

Question 20

Which of the following heightens the risk of injury?

A) low flexibility
B) high flexibility
C) both A & B
D) none of the above

Question 21

A goniometer is used to directly measure what?

A) muscle flexibility
B) joint range of motion
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 22

The term "hypermobile" is used to describe what?

A) a joint with an unusually large range of motion
B) a joint with an unusually small range of motion
C) a gymnast
D) a sprinter

Question 23

Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of tendon sheaths?

A) They are synovial structures.
B) They surround tendons.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 24

The "ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement" defines what?

A) joint stability
B) joint flexibility
C) loose-packed position
D) none of the above

Question 25

Which of the following are characteristics of diarthrodial joints?

A) Articulating bone surfaces are covered with articular cartilage.
B) An articular capsule surrounds the joint.
C) They are lubricated by synovial fluid.
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 26

Which of the following is true regarding bursitis?

A) overuse injury
B) frictional irritation in one or more bursae
C) inflammation
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 27

Golgi tendon organs respond in which of the following ways?

A) inhibit tension in the activated muscle
B) initiate tension in the antagonist muscle
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 28

Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of bursae?

A) They are associated with synovial joints.
B) They separate tendons from bones to reduce friction.
C) They separate skin from bones to reduce friction.
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 29

Which connective tissue attaches muscle to bone?

A) ligaments
B) tendons
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 30

Which statement(s) is/are true?

A) Exercise can increase the size and strength of tendons.
B) Exercise can increase the size and strength of ligaments.
C) Exercise can increase the strength of tendon junction with a bone.
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 31

Range of motion at a joint is influenced by which of the following?

A) shape of the articulating surfaces
B) relative laxity and extensibility of the muscles crossing the joint
C) fluid content of the cartilage within the joint
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 32

Which of the following activates the muscle spindles?

A) knee-jerk test
B) ballistic stretching
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 33

Joint stability is affected by which of the following?

A) shape of the articulating bones
B) arrangement and size of ligaments
C) area of contact between the bones
D) all of the above

Question 34

Which type(s) of arthritis is/are non-inflammatory?

A) rheumatoid arthritis
B) osteoarthritis
C) both A and B
D) none of the above (both A and B are inflammatory)

Question 35

What characteristics do tendons and ligaments share with muscles?

A) extensibility
B) elasticity
C) contractility
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 36

What is the result when a ligament is stretched beyond its elastic limit?

A) A sprain occurs.
B) Joint stability may be temporarily compromised.
C) Joint stability may be permanently compromised.
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 37

Which of the following statements is/are true?

A) The hip is more stable than the shoulder.
B) The shoulder has more range of motion than the hip.
C) both A and B
D) none of the above

Question 38

Which type of stretching demonstrates greater range of motion?

A) active stretching
B) passive stretching
C) A and B are equal
D) need more information

Question 39

Which of the following contain synovial fluid?

A) bursae
B) tendon sheaths
C) articular cartilage
D) both A and B
E) all of the above

Question 40

Which statement(s) is/are true?

A) When muscles are fatigued, ligaments are at a greater risk of injury.
B) When ligaments are fatigued, muscles are at a greater risk of injury.
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B

Question 41

Describe the different types of stretching exercises used to increase flexibility, including the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Question 42

The articular fibrocartilage partial disc in the knee is called __________________.

Question 43

Describe one type of PNF stretching.

Question 44

A series of quick, bouncing-type stretches is called __________________ stretching.

Question 45

Explain the factors that contribute to joint stability.

Question 46

The myosynaptic reflex, also known as __________________ reflex, is provoked by the activation of the muscle spindles in a stretched muscle.

Question 47

Third-degree sprains are the mildest.

Question 48

Describe the different types of synovial joints including movement and stability implications.

Question 49

Studies show that PNF techniques can significantly increase joint range of motion after a single stretching session.

Question 50

List and describe four different joint injuries or pathologies.

Question 51

Pre-participation stretching has no effect on overuse type injuries.

Question 52

Damaged articular cartilage can typically heal or regenerate on its own.

Question 53

The most common site for a sprain is the knee.

Question 54

___________________ connect bone to bone and _____________________ connect muscle to bone.

Question 55

The carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb is an example of a __________________ joint.