Deck 8: Factors Surrounding Illness

Question 1

Sometimes knowing about complex procedures can cause more stress.Patients vary in how much they want to know about their illness and the specifics of their treatments.This is called:

A)self-efficacy
B)informational involvement
C)behavioral involvement
D)patient-practitioner coherence

Answer 1

informational involvement

Question 2

A patient's attitude to health care and the extent to which they want to be a part of their treatment is referred to as the level of:

A)self-control
B)self-efficacy
C)behavioral involvement
D)patient-practitioner coherence

Answer 2

behavioral involvement

Question 3

In studies of recovery from surgery (e.g.coronary-bypass),results suggest that a high level of _____ was found to be predictive of a wide variety of positive health outcomes right after surgery although differences abate in the long run.

A)self-control
B)informational involvement
C)behavioral involvement
D)patient-practitioner coherence

Answer 3

behavioral involvement

Question 4

Ray is someone who thinks he is always right.Because he has a confirmation bias,and only looks for evidence supporting his beliefs,he walks around thinking that he has been correct more times than he actually has.This is referred to as:

A)self-fulfilling prophecy.
B)illusory correlation.
C)simple attribution error.
D)impression management.

Question 5

Age is a factor in identifying who will seek professional healthcare.One example is:

A)older mothers are less likely to seek professional healthcare at the time of birth
B)younger mothers are less likely to seek professional healthcare at the time of birth.
C)women who experienced menopause reduce the times they seek professional healthcare
D)None of the above are true

Question 6

Very often we do not realize or recognize the true causes of our symptoms.If you have been very stressed,and start putting on weight because of it,you may first instead blame a new diet.The underlying psychological process is known as:

A)confirmation bias
B)attributional errors
C)misattribution
D)illusory correlation

Question 7

Our human tendency to want to assign a cause to an event or to the experience of symptoms is known as:

A)attributions
B)misattributions
C)self-fulfilling prophecy
D)confirmation bias

Question 8

People who spend a lot of time in the sun or in tanning booths may know about the dangers of UV rays,but ignore them.Even if they start developing brown spots,a possible symptom of the early stages of skin cancer,they might tell themselves that they are more likely to freckle and will point to how good they feel as further evidence to support that they are not getting skin cancer.They would be using:

A)selective bias
B)confirmation bias
C)self-fulfilling prophecy
D)informational involvement

Question 9

Evidence suggests that the underutilization of medical resources by Asian Americans is due to:

A)under-referral by their health practitioners
B)a basic misunderstanding of Western health care
C)the lack of translators in Asian languages
D)the misunderstanding of providers about the needs of Asian patients

Question 10

Tony monitors his symptoms to an extreme level,makes repeated trips to the doctor for the smallest symptom,and blows symptoms out of proportion.He is likely to be:

A)a hypochondriac
B)an extrovert
C)an agreeable personality
D)demonstrating self-efficacy

Question 11

The varying ways that individuals respond to physiological symptoms,monitor internal states,recognize symptoms,and utilize health care are all considered:

A)health behaviors
B)illness behaviors
C)proactive coping
D)reactivity measures

Question 12

Individuals that identify with this ethnic group are less likely to define short-term physical sensations as illnesses,and were more likely to consult physicians if it were easy to do,and if they felt a particularly high risk of illness:

A)Latinos
B)Asian-Americans
C)Mexican-Americans
D)African Americans

Question 13

Some people have a much better understanding of how their bodies function and feel.They often feel greater discomfort due to their extra-sensitively and being high in:

A)private body consciousness
B)hypochondria
C)behavioral involvement
D)critical self awareness

Question 14

Many sociopsychological processes help explain illness behaviors or their absence.If you do not think you are sick,you are likely to ignore symptoms of the sickness and only look for evidence that you are healthy.This is called:

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)selective attention
C)confirmation bias
D)impression management

Question 15

A major cultural difference in the reporting and perception of physical symptoms is that _____ are higher than _____.

A)European Americans; African Americans
B)older adults; younger adults
C)women; men
D)men; women

Question 16

Individuals who identify themselves as _____ do not utilize inpatient mental health services as much as other ethic groups.

A)African Americans
B)Native Americans
C)European Americans
D)Latinos

Question 17

Hmong Americans consider epilepsy to be:

A)a biological disorder
B)an excellent reason to seek medical help
C)the mark of a shaman.
D)a cultural stigma of psychological disorder

Question 18

Snell (1967)found that African Americans who believed they have been "hexed" could be treated effectively by a psychiatrist using hypnosis,even when the psychiatrist did not believe in hexing.This is an example of:

A)self-fulfilling prophecy
B)misattribute
C)shamanism
D)illusory correlation

Question 19

Which two personality traits tend to report more symptoms of illness than others?

A)optimism,extroversion
B)resilient,outgoing
C)anxious,neurotic
D)high self-regard,low self-esteem

Question 20

Perhaps the most common individual factor that influences the recognition of symptoms and the seeking of treatment is:

A)age
B)personality
C)religion/denomination
D)ethnicity

Question 21

The extent to which a patient's behavior matches with his or her practitioner's advice is referred to as:

A)compliance
B)adherence
C)utilization
D)conformity

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT one of the five triggers (Zola,1964)that increase the likelihood of a person seeking treatment?

A)degree to which the symptoms frighten you
B)the nature and quality of symptoms
C)whether you have experienced the symptom before
D)if the symptoms interfere with work or personal relationships.

Question 23

One of the many cultural difference in health care relates to how many non-European Americans form close relationships with friends and family members of their ethnic group and use these groups before they use the medical system.These groups are:

A)lay-referral systems
B)cultural buffer systems
C)social sanctioned groups
D)social network systems

Question 24

It is becoming more common for employers to require that their employees visit a doctor to lose weight or to quit smoking.Employers also make employees get symptoms checked out.This form of trigger to seeking health care is called:

A)social cooperation
B)social sanctioning
C)social interference
D)social insurance

Question 25

Ulrich,Simons and Miles (2003)found that patient stress was lowest during blood draws when:

A)television was played in the waiting rooms.
B)classical or quiet music is played
C)videotapes of nature scenes were playing
D)newer magazines are available for patients to read

Question 26

Many times people will know they have a problem (they noticed they have symptoms)but will not go to a doctor.This can make the problem difficult to treat and is called a(n):

A)appraisal delay
B)illness delay
C)utilization delay
D)cultural delay.

Question 27

Recent work suggests that treatment adherence can be increased by:

A)focusing on the cultural values of the provider
B)not charging the patient until the follow up appointments are completed
C)having the physician pay closer attention to the patient after the diagnosis with more monitoring and follow-ups
D)rapidly changing the patients daily routine

Question 28

When your occupation or vacation is threatened by symptoms of illness,you are experiencing this trigger:

A)social sanctioning
B)social interference
C)nature and quality of symptoms
D)degree in which you are frightened by symptoms

Question 29

Cultural diversity can affect some of the interpersonal relationships between staff.One example noted in the textbook is:

A)East Indian male physicians treat European Americans with respect
B)nurses of Asian or Latina backgrounds are sometimes reluctant to stand up to questionable behavior by European American doctors
C)male and female nurses are the only employees who do not have interpersonal relationship issues due to diversity
D)diversity of religion between clinical staff has limited affect on health care

Question 30

Modi et al.(2008)found that preadolescents and adolescents who had better adherence:

A)were more mature than their peers
B)listened to their peers
C)saw their providers several times during their treatment time
D)spent more of their treatment time supervised by their mothers

Question 31

Anderson (1993)suggested that minority group members might not comply with practitioner's prescriptions due to:

A)lack of mutual respect between the minority and majority groups
B)difference of opinions about health care focus concerning treatment
C)the minority groups general non interest in health care
D)the health care system might be organized to favor the majority

Question 32

Nonadherence of treatment can cause:

A)morbidity
B)an improvement of medical symptoms
C)a cost savings in the patients healthcare costs
D)None of the above is true

Question 33

Treatments that are associated with low levels of adherence include:

A)treatments that are long term and complex
B)treatments that are short term,because they forget to do them in their daily routine
C)treatments that do not change the patient's daily routine
D)patients who are in a closer personal relationship with the provider

Question 34

Which of the following use health services at a significantly higher level?

A)men
B)children
C)infants
D)women

Question 35

When doctors play a pivotal role in making decisions in the hospital because the patient is unable to do so,it is referred to as the _____ model of interaction.

A)autonomous
B)active-passive
C)guidance-cooperation
D)prescriptive

Question 36

Joni is a college student with limited income.She has an infection in her piercing near her navel,and knows that she needs to get a prescription for an antibiotic,but she still has not made the appointment due to her lack of money to pay for the appointment.Joni is demonstrating:

A)appraisal delay
B)illness delay
C)utilization delay
D)cultural delay

Question 37

Steve did not finish his antibiotic prescription because he was feeling better,and he saved the remaining pills in case he would feel ill later in the season.This is an example of:

A)creative nonadherence
B)an unintentional nonadherence
C)directive treatment
D)passive aggressive noncompliance

Question 38

There are many cultural reasons that explain why people do not recognize that they have symptoms of an illness.Often,a long time passes from a symptom occurrence to its being recognized as a problem.This can be harmful and is referred to as:

A)appraisal delay
B)illness delay
C)utilization delay
D)cultural delay.

Question 39

Not having enough money is often a major reason for someone to not actually obtain medical health care even after they have made the decision to seek care.This is called:

A)appraisal delay
B)illness delay
C)utilization delay
D)cultural delay

Question 40

These women tend to quickly go back to work after the birth of their babies:

A)Latina
B)African American
C)European American
D)Asian American

Question 41

Spencer and Chen (2004)found that Chinese Americans who experience language-based discrimination:

A)sought informal help-seeking from friends and relatives
B)caused the patients to seek higher educated providers
C)caused the patients to avoid all health care
D)caused the patients to self-medicate

Question 42

In a college health care setting,the degree of match between student's desired and actual level of involvement in their care was associated with lesser satisfaction (Campbell,Auerbach & Kiesler,2007).

Question 43

If a patient is communicating to a provider about all but the most important piece of information,and the physician is supposed to supply that piece of information to make the whole message comprehensible,this is an example of:

A)active-passive model
B)mutual cooperation model
C)individualistic communication
D)collectivistic communication

Question 44

The first main step in coping with an illness is to recognize the symptoms.

Question 45

Doctors are not the only ones to blame for bad communication.Each of the following is a characteristic of a patient that can contribute to poor communication EXCEPT:

A)anxiety
B)low SES
C)language
D)bias

Question 46

Sometimes the doctor places a lot of emphasis on the patient's views and has them answer many questions in relation to treatment.The doctor still has the primary role in decision making but the patient feels included.This model of patient-practitioner interaction is referred to as the _____ model of interaction.

A)active-passive
B)guidance-cooperation
C)mutual cooperation
D)prescriptive

Question 47

Over reliance on stereotypes can:

A)lead to improved cultural Compton
B)lead to poor cultural competency
C)not really affect cultural competency
D)not be understood at this time due to lack of empirical data

Question 48

Research has shown that playing daytime television in healthcare waiting rooms,where stress is a problem,helps to decrease patient stress.

Question 49

Physicians are more likely to recommend knee surgery to a:

A)male patient than to a female patient
B)female patient than to a male patient
C)patient under age 20 than to a patient over 50
D)patient with higher SES than a patient of lower SES

Question 50

When a doctor uses a lot of medical jargon,patients often get lost and do not experience a lot of satisfaction with their treatment.This form of communication is called:

A)exclusionary
B)practitioner-focused
C)narrowly biomedical
D)consumerist

Question 51

One of major cultural dimensions influencing patient-practitioner interaction is that of:

A)role status
B)sense of timing
C)individualism and collectivism
D)socioeconomic status

Question 52

Many heart attack patients do not immediately call 911 for assistance because they believe the pains they are experiencing may be due to other less serious problems,such as indigestion or the flu.

Question 53

Personality traits such as optimism and self-esteem normally buffer us against stress and illness but may delay us from seeking treatment.

Question 54

In the optimal mode of interaction between a provider and a patient,the doctor still takes the primary role in diagnosis and treatment,but the patient plays a part by answering questions.

Question 55

In the biomedical arena,adherence is focused more on medication compliance and refers to the degree or extent of conformity to the recommendations about day-to-day treatment by the provider with respect to the timing,dosage,and frequency.

Question 56

Social scientists have argued that we use stereotypes:

A)as a shortcut to save cognitive energy.
B)due to peer pressure.
C)because people really do not care to know about the facts.
D)because people are poor observers.

Question 57

The correlation of acculturation and treatment use is different for other alternative medicines.

Question 58

Illness behavior is defined as the demonstration of behaviors associated with a mental illness.

Question 59

When patients start a new medication for a chronic illness,intentional nonadherers,compared to adherers,have lower perceptions of the necessity of their new medication and higher levels of concerns about taking it.

Question 60

The _____ form of patient-practitioner communication involves the patient doing the bulk of the talking and getting answers to their questions.

A)mutual cooperative
B)active-passive
C)patient-focused
D)consumerist

Question 61

Explain how acculturation and ethnic identity can play an important part in the use of Western mental health and medical health services.

Question 62

What is the difference between attributions and misattributes? Please give an example for each.

Question 63

Describe some of the cultural clashes concerning the Lee family and their traditional Hmong beliefs concerning the illness of their daughter,and the Western doctor's reaction to their daughter's illness.What might have been done by the health care system to improve the outcome of the daughter's care?

Question 64

Explain how adherence rates can be influenced during medical treatment of a patient.

Question 65

Explain how cultural diversity among health care staff can affect the care of patients.Please give three examples of cultural issues that can affect a patient's care.