Deck 1: Health Psychology: Setting the Stage

Question 1

The first psychologist to link illness with psychological causes is:

A)Freud
B)Dunbar
C)Alexander
D)Wundt

Answer 1

Freud

Question 2

_____ refers to the number of cases of a disease that exist at some given point in time._____ refers to the number of deaths due to particular causes.

A)morbidity; mortality
B)mortality; morbidity
C)epidemiology;pathogenesis
D)etiology; epidemiology

Answer 2

mortality; morbidity

Question 3

_____ are most likely to consider health and medical care within the context of cultural systems.

A)Health psychologists
B)Medical anthropologists
C)Cultural anthropologists
D)Cultural psychologists

Answer 3

Medical anthropologists

Question 4

_____ and _____ are related to socioeconomic status and higher rates of nearly all major causes of mortality and morbidity.

A)acute disorders,stress diseases; stress diseases,acute disorders
B)pneumonia,diabetes; diabetes,pneumonia
C)hereditary disorders,accidents; accidents,hereditary disorders
D)chronic illnesses,infectious diseases; infectious diseases,chronic illnesses

Question 5

Members of different cultures use different definitions of health,which in turn vary from place to place.This highlights the importance of studying the general concept of:

A)religion
B)context
C)geography
D)psychology

Question 6

In studying about cultural differences in health,we should remember that:

A)in-group differences and between-group differences both occur
B)between-group differences are often greater than between group differences.
C)racial differences outweigh all other cultural differences
D)most cultural differences are insignificant from a global level

Question 7

Every day,each of our behaviors can influence our health.Given the many components of being healthy,health is best conceptualized as:

A)one-dimensional
B)absolute
C)a continuum
D)unstable

Question 8

Helen Dunbar and Franz Alexander were instrumental in establishing the earliest organization to study psychological determinants on health.It is called:

A)Health Psychology
B)Society for Behavioral Medicine
C)Psychosomatic Medicine
D)American Psychosomatic Association

Question 9

The WHO (World Health Organization)defines health as:

A)a state of physical and social well-being
B)a state of complete physical,mental and social well-being
C)eating and sleeping well,and taking time to relax
D)a transitional life experience

Question 10

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)has the following understanding of health:

A)eat and drink and equal among of hot and cold qualities
B)the way you live your life should have both hot and cold qualities
C)both a and b
D)none of the above

Question 11

Which of the following is not an element of culture?

A)sex
B)religion
C)ethnicity
D)none of these

Question 12

Culture is best defined as:

A)a set of beliefs shared by a group
B)race and ethnicity
C)religion,family values,and race
D)the values of our parents and family members

Question 13

The Green physician best known for dissections and providing us with anatomy data was:

A)Plato
B)Galen
C)Hippocrates
D)Aginostophenes

Question 14

As far as we know,history suggests that our ancestors considered the mind and body to:

A)be one
B)be separate
C)be connected
D)part of the spirit

Question 15

The study of the frequency,distribution,and causes of different disease is known as:

A)epidemiology
B)medical sociology
C)medical anthropology
D)biopsychometrics

Question 16

Health psychologists are most likely to define health as:

A)the absence of disease
B)spiritual balance
C)mental,physical,spiritual,and psychological well-being
D)a pulse rate of 120/50 and a heart rate of 55 beats per minute

Question 17

The major approach used by health psychologists is the:

A)biomedical model
B)psychosocial model
C)biosocial model
D)biopsychosocial model

Question 18

Which of these circumstances is related to a higher occurrence of most chronic and infectious disorders?

A)sex
B)socioeconomic status
C)race
D)ethnicity

Question 19

Which of the following is the primary focus of health psychology?

A)health promotion and maintenance and preventing and treating illness
B)etiology and correlates of health and illness
C)revising the health care system
D)finding the cure for disease like HIV and cancer

Question 20

The father of Western medicine is:

A)Galen
B)Socrates
C)Plato
D)Hippocrates

Question 21

The most basic form of research assessing the association between two variables is known as:

A)experimental
B)random
C)retrospective
D)coefficient

Question 22

The frequency of new cases of a disease during a year is known as:

A)mortality
B)morbidity
C)prevalence rate
D)incidence rate

Question 23

The best indicator of an individual's health is the extent to which they:

A)smoke tobacco
B)drink alcoholic beverages
C)are physically active
D)follow general healthy behaviors

Question 24

Culture is commonly thought to be:

A)sex
B)religion
C)gender
D)ethnicity

Question 25

The proportion of the population that has a particular disease at a particular time gives:

A)mortality
B)morbidity
C)prevalence rate
D)incidence rate

Question 26

Which is the strongest correlation listed?

A).34
B).56
C)-.23
D)-.76

Question 27

Studies where one group gets an experimental drug and another gets a placebo are called:

A)randomized clinical trials
B)correlational studies
C)quasi-experimental studies
D)longitudinal studies

Question 28

An experiment is being conducted to determine the effects of caffeine intake on student performance.One group is made to drink 5 cups of coffee,the other group drinks 1 cup of coffee.They then take the exam.The independent variable is _____.

A)the amount of caffeine consumed.
B)the group membership.
C)how alert the students are during the exam.
D)the students performance on the exam.

Question 29

One of the most common subject variables in psychological research is:

A)personality
B)age
C)ethnicity
D)health behaviors

Question 30

When we define our culture,our views of ourselves reside at different levels of conscious awareness.This is the definition for:

A)exposure to culture
B)level of analysis
C)cultural impact
D)attitudes

Question 31

One of the strongest cultural determinants of health beliefs and behaviors (e.g.eating)is:

A)sex
B)ethnicity
C)gender
D)religion

Question 32

Health psychology is best described as an interdisciplinary subdiscipline of psychology primarily focused on:

A)treating illness
B)promoting health
C)discovering causes of illness
D)aiding recovery from illness

Question 33

One of the most important aspects of culture is socioeconomic status (SES).SES is commonly measured by:

A)family income,parental education and occupational status
B)an individual's age,sex,and family size
C)age,income and place of residence
D)social and economic skills,and level of education

Question 34

This is one critical factor in a research study that can make previously insignificant changes significant:

A)ethical use of participants
B)funding sources
C)researcher credibility
D)increasing the sample size

Question 35

The organization formed to focus on health psychology is:

A)Health Psychology Association
B)Society of Behavioral Medicine
C)Psychosomatic Medicine
D)American Psychological Association

Question 36

One of the earliest psychologists to write about spirituality,health,and psychology was:

A)Freud
B)James
C)Wundt
D)Dunbar

Question 37

Studies that follow a group of people for a number of years to determine whether certain variables predict disease are called:

A)longitudinal
B)prospective
C)retrospective
D)cross-sectional

Question 38

Experiments are powerful and help determine cause because the experimenter manipulates a variable between groups holding other factors constant.This manipulated variable is the:

A)independent variable
B)dependent variable
C)extraneous variable
D)control variable

Question 39

Sometimes we cannot manipulate some of the variables we are most interested in (e.g.,having cancer).We use naturally occurring groups.This form of research is known as:

A)correlational
B)quasi-experimental
C)clinical trials
D)controlled trials

Question 40

Inactive substances similar to the experimental drugs given to test the power of expectations are called:

A)controls
B)distracters
C)placebos
D)dependent variables

Question 41

According to the chart "Regarding Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Blacks and Whites for Three Causes of Death,and Racial Disparities,1950-2000," in the year 2000 African Americans (indicated as "blacks")are at a higher risk for death from heart disease than Caucasians (indicated as "whites").

Question 42

People may smoke due to:

A)pressure from their social networks
B)for psychological stress reduction
C)personality traits
D)all of the above

Question 43

The analytical research question whether men or women have a higher occurrence of heart attacks is called:

A)regression analysis
B)cross-sectional
C)absolute risk
D)odds ratio

Question 44

Traditional Mexican American patients may go to a Western doctor to cure a biological problem but only curanderos,or healers,can be trusted to cure spiritual problems.

Question 45

Regarding the culture of religion: of the 302 million Americans accounted for in the last United States census,the top three specified religions of those individuals,with the highest percentage listed first is:

A)Christian,Jewish,Muslim
B)Christian,Muslim,Jewish
C)Catholic,Protestant,Jewish
D)Christian,no affiliation,Jewish

Question 46

Health psychology is different from other psychology fields in that is does not need to rely firmly on the scientific method.

Question 47

Morbidity is defined as the number of deaths related to a specific cause.

Question 48

Because using naturally occurring groups is not a perfect experiment,such designs are referred to as quasi-experimental designs,and the independent variables are called subject variables.

Question 49

Leonardo Da Vinci,an Italian artist during the Renaissance,was able to draw detailed diagrams of the human body due,in part,to the encouragement of the Roman Catholic Church for scientists and artists of that era to perform dissections.This is one example of the spiritual/physical connectiveness of Health Psychology.

Question 50

What are the benefits of using a peer reviewed article for research?

A)You can learn about different cultures.
B)You will be a better consumer of science.
C)It is not a benefit,and one should use other media outlets to keep up on more up-to-date events..
D)You will save money in your research.

Question 51

The "state in which disease is absent" is a common definition for:

A)Ayurveda.
B)Western medical circles.
C)curanderos.
D)biopsychosocial approach

Question 52

Ayurveda is an ancient Native American system of medicine that focuses on the body,the sense organs,the mind and the soul.

Question 53

What region of the United States has a higher incidence of smoking?

A)Upper New York
B)Midwest
C)Southern California and Arizona
D)Kentucky and Virginia

Question 54

According to the National Center for Health Statistics,in the year 2000,which group of individuals ranked at the top for causes of death that included homicide,heart disease and cancer?

A)Latinos and Latinas
B)African Americans
C)Asians
D)Caucasians

Question 55

Regarding research and the change in statistics: all change in the data is statistically significant,and all statistically significant change is meaningful change.

Question 56

Psychosomatic medicine studies:

A)the advances of holistic medicine.
B)behavioral medicine.
C)sleep disorders.
D)the influence of mind on health.

Question 57

The answer to "are you healthy" can vary according to how old you are,what your parents and friends think constitutes health,and what your religious or ethnic background is,and what a variety of other factors indicate about you.

Question 58

Researchers select individuals who are HIV positive,and those who are not HIV positive,and train both in a certain form of coping.After a year,their health and well-being are compared and measured.This design is most likely a(n):

A)correlation
B)experiment
C)retrospective
D)quasi-experiment

Question 59

Native Americans draw distinctions between physical,spiritual,and social entities,and especially draw distinctions between religion and medicine.

Question 60

When the three main biological units,enzymes,tissues,and excretory functions,are in harmonious condition and when the mind and senses are cheerful,this would best describe this medicine system:

A)Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
B)Western style medicine
C)traditional Navajo medicine
D)Ayurveda

Question 61

What is Health Psychology,in particular the subdivision of the American Psychological Association (APA Division 38)dedicated to?

Question 62

This question concerns cross-cultural definitions of health.Define,compare and contrast Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)and Ayurveda.

Question 63

Compare and contrast the beliefs and values of traditional Mexican American and most Native American tribes concerning health care.

Question 64

How does socioeconomic status (SES)affect the health of individuals?

Question 65

Regarding the definition regarding culture: answer the social psychologist test question "Who am I?" Please include at least five different definitions of culture within your answer.